La Vida de un Imigrante :: essays research papers

La Vida de un ImigranteLa dificultad de la vida de un imigrante es inmensa. Las razones por la cual migren pueden ser por mejorar su situatcin social, econmica, o acadmica. Nunca es fcil adaptarse a otro sistema cultural. El Lenguaje y la forma de vida son algunas transecciones que es necesario hacer.Alberto es uno de los muchos Dominicanos que deciden migrar a los Estados Unidos. Su situacin en la Repblica Dominicana period muy desgradable, y la paciencia de esperar por sus papeles fueron disminuyendo. Con esto en mente el decide hacer en viaje a Puerto Rico por via del canal de la Mona. Para muchos Dominicanos esto significa la mitad del camino. Al estar en la isla de Puero Rico el esperava movimiento del mercado bajo para papeles o matrimonio para la misma razn. Despus de siet mess Alberto lleg ha los Estados Unids con papeles ilegales.Su vida aqu le a salido muy difcil. Su mayor problema ha sido conseguir trabajo. La situacin de empleo en este pas esta en malos momentos, pero para un imigrante es el doble de peor. El no puede conseguir un trabsjo que no se en una factoria o de limpeza. La razn principal es porque no domina el Ingls al nivel que hay que diminarlo. Su domini del Ingls es su segundo problema. No sol lo impid en obtener empleo, pero tambien de conozer otras personas en genral. El me deca que el se desesperaba, pero no se volva loco. La mayora del tiempo se la pasaba en the computadora, y viendo la televicin. Con el tiempo encontro refugio en su familia, pero todava despus de tanto tiempo sin salir, el se senta aislado.

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Julius Caesar How did the Emperor rise to power?Julius was born from Aurelia and Gaius Julius Caesar. His family had nobility status, although they were uncomplete rich nor influential in the time period. Caesar was made military tribune before 70 B.C. and was quaestor in Farther Spain in 69 B.C. he helped Pompey to obtain the arrogant command for the war in the East. As a general, Caesar was the best Rome had ever seen. He returned to Rome in 68 B.C. and in Pompeys absence was turn the recognized head of the popular party. His love of Marius and Cinna made him popular with the people, but earned him the hatred of the senate. In Dec. 63 B.C. Caesar advocated mercy for Catiline and the conspirators, thereby increasing the spite of the senatorial party and its leaders, Cato the Younger and Quintus Lutatius Catulus. How did they change the Empire of Rome?Julius Caesar was Romes first dictator, although he did not ever officially become Emperor. Caesar was positive a counsol, and went...

C++ Programming :: science

C++ Programming NOTES ON C++ PROGRAMMING Module 1 Pointers and Memory counselling NOTES ON C++ PROGRAMMING Module 1 Pointers and Memory Management TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 OVERVIEW 4 BASIC recollection MANAGEMENT 5 GROUP ASSIGNMENT 6 INITIALIZATION 8 CONSTANTS 9 INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS 10 ELSE-IF 13 SWITCH 14 LOOPS 15 EXAMPLES OF LOOPS 16 BREAK, CONTINUE 18 RETURN 19 FUNCTION DEFINITION 21 VOID FUNCTIONS 22 FUNCTIONS RETURNING A VALUE 23 OVERVIEW Algorithms A step-by-step sequence of instructions that describes how to perform a computation. Answers the question What method will you use to solve this computational problem? Flow parchts Provides a pictorial imitation of the algorithm using the symbols. Structure Charts Provides a pictorial representation of the modules contained in the program. Programming Style Standard form Function names starts in newspaper column 1 and is hardened with the required parentheses on a line by itself. The opening brace of the function body follows on the next line and is placed under the first letter of the function name. The closing brace is placed by itself in column 1 as the last line of the function. The utmost form of your programs should be consistent and should always serve as an aid to the reading and understanding of your programs. Comments Explanatory remarks made within a program. Help clear what the complete program is about, what a specific group of statements is meant to accomplish, or what one line is intended to do. Top-Down Program Development 1. Determine the desired sidetrack items that the program must produce. 2. Determine the input items 3. Design the program as follows a. Select an algorithm for transforming the input items into the desired outputs. b. Check the chosen algorithm, by hand, using specific input values. 4. Code the algorithm into C. 5. Test the program using selected test data. BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT Space set aside for the changeable Characters 1 byte (8 bits) Pointers 4 bytes Integers 2 bytes (16 bits) or 4 bytes (32 bits) Short int or short 2 bytes Unsigned int or unsigned 2 bytes Long Integers 4 bytes Floats 4 bytes(single precision, about 7 decimal places) Doubles 8 bytes(double precision, about 15 decimal places) Type Space a) double *values __________________ ________________________ b) long x1000 __________________ ________________________ c) char *s = string __________________ ________________________ d) char s = string __________________ ________________________ e) char *name 10 __________________ ________________________

Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Exploration and Extraction Essay

As the fogy fuels, such as coal, grease-gun, LPG and coal mixed gas and so on, has been used in the modern production process since the industrial revolution happened, the environment effects of fossil fuels exploration and extraction is the biggest concerns for public life. To garnish this, data collected by Marland, Boden, Andres, Brenkert and Johnston (2003) points out that the fossil fuels industry has caused the release of approximately 337 billion metric tons of carbon to atmosphere since 1751, and the greenhouse gases appeal caused by the industry can increase the risk of heat waves, droughts, malnutrition and other disasters (Haines, Kovats, Campbell-Lendrum and Corvaln, 2006), leading to social panic and complaints. Fossil fuels exploration and extraction in this bear witness refers to an industrial process of prospecting the petrochemical resources and transferring it to consumable goods. The environmental effects of this process could be varied this essay will focus on air pollution, land settling and the degradation of water quality.Initially, air pollution is considered as a negative effect of exploring and extracting the fossil fuels due to the increasing content of carbon dioxide and air dust. Since fossil resources were found and applied, the global warming issues become worse due to the increasing content of carbon dioxide. For instance, Arup(2013) states that 759 million tons more carbon dioxide will be produced if coal production keeps expanding over the level of 2011 and this will push emissions over carbon budget, causing the failure to control the climate change. Moreover, the increasing content of secure particles or air dust during this procedure may also a threat to general air quality. According to G... ...& Johnston, C. A. (2003). Global, regional, and national fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions. Trends A compendium of data on global change, 34-43. http//cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overviewMoffatt, S., & Pless-Mulloli, T. (20 03). It wasnt the plague we expected. Parents perceptions of the health and environmental impact of opencast coal mining. Social science & medicine, 57(3), 437-451. inside 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00369-6Shi, T. G., Jiang, L. G., Li, Y., & Yang, Y. L. (2013). Disaster Analysis and Countermeasures of Land Subsidence caused by Coal Cutting in China. Chinese Geographical Science, 13(2), 130-133. http//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11769-003-0006-7Tiwary, R. K. (2001). Environmental impact of coal mining on water regime and its management. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 132(1-2), 185-199. http//link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A1012083519667

Impact of Christianity On The Roman Culture :: essays research papers

Christianity came into the world approximately two thousand years ago. It was persecuted at first, but atually became the offical religion in 381 A.D. "It is the spiritual force that conquered the Roman Empire one of the decisive elements in the growth of Western civiliztion (Bunson 9). Throughout history Christianity has compete a major role in changing our society into what it is today. "Christianity won the professed allegiance of the overwhelming majority of the population of the Roman Empire and even the take for of the Roman State (Latourette 65). Not only did Christianity thrive, but it also succeeded in changing the face of Roman culture. Consider the gladiatorial fights. "The huge Coliseum at Rome seated 50 thousand people and was the scene of many bloody gladiatorial combats and even mock naval battles" (Schoder 108). "Hundreds of thousands of slaves shed their blood in the arena in Rome year after year to satisfy the perverted lust of the Roman mob&q uot (Kennedy 148). "Although many Romans descried these blook-letting contests, there persisted a running game of cruelty in Roman public amusements which can scarcely be comprehended, far less condoned, today (81). The message of Christianity helped changed this aspect of Roman life because it gave expenditure and significance every life (Kennedy 149). Jesus told the multitudes to "love your neighbor as yourself" (Luke 1027) He also told the story of the good summaritan to illistrate that any person he came in contact with was his good neighbor (Luke 1030-37). Christianities message contains the golden rule "do to others as you you have them do to you" (Luke 6-3)."The child of today is love and adored. But it was not so in pre-Christian times. The Roman fathers power of his child was absolute. "He could expose it to death he could scourge it, spoil it, marry it, divorce it, see it as a slave, or kill it to satisfy his own blood lust." Quintillion, a roman writer, said that to kill a man was often held to be a crime, but to kill ones own children was sometimes considered a beautiful action (Kennedy 149). The message of Christianity gave set to children. Jeasus said "who ever humbles himself like this child is greatest in my kingdom. If anyone causes these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a large millstone around his neck and be drowned in the Sea (Matt 184-6).

Impact of Christianity On The Roman Culture :: essays research papers

Christianity came into the world approximately two thousand years ago. It was persecuted at first, but atually became the offical religion in 381 A.D. "It is the spiritual force that conquered the Roman Empire one of the decisive elements in the growth of Western civiliztion (Bunson 9). Throughout history Christianity has contend a major role in changing our society into what it is today. "Christianity won the professed allegiance of the overwhelming majority of the population of the Roman Empire and even the patronize of the Roman State (Latourette 65). Not only did Christianity thrive, but it also succeeded in changing the face of Roman culture. Consider the gladiatorial fights. "The huge Coliseum at Rome seated 50 thousand people and was the scene of many bloody gladiatorial combats and even mock naval battles" (Schoder 108). "Hundreds of thousands of slaves shed their blood in the arena in Rome year after year to satisfy the perverted lust of the Roman mob& quot (Kennedy 148). "Although many Romans descried these blook-letting contests, there persisted a rivulet of cruelty in Roman public amusements which can scarcely be comprehended, far less condoned, today (81). The message of Christianity helped changed this aspect of Roman life because it gave price and significance every life (Kennedy 149). Jesus told the multitudes to "love your neighbor as yourself" (Luke 1027) He also told the story of the good summaritan to illistrate that any person he came in contact with was his good neighbor (Luke 1030-37). Christianities message contains the golden rule "do to others as you you have them do to you" (Luke 6-3)."The child of today is love and adored. But it was not so in pre-Christian times. The Roman fathers power of his child was absolute. "He could expose it to death he could scourge it, hack it, marry it, divorce it, see it as a slave, or kill it to satisfy his own blood lust." Quintillion, a roman wri ter, said that to kill a man was often held to be a crime, but to kill ones own children was sometimes considered a beautiful action (Kennedy 149). The message of Christianity gave mensurate to children. Jeasus said "who ever humbles himself like this child is greatest in my kingdom. If anyone causes these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a large millstone around his neck and be drowned in the Sea (Matt 184-6).

Denial in A Separate Peace Essay

In A Separate Peace, John Knowles enlightens readers on human existence by displaying how defense mechanism allows a person to stray from reality. Numerous cases of denial overwhelm and test characters assurances of their own presence. Characters such as Gene Forrester and Phineas (Finny) fail to acknowledge denial, so that their naivet prohibits them from identifying the truth. Eventually, component part causes each to face his own guilt, embarrassment, and disbelief.As the novel progresses Gene Forrester, the main character, continuously rejects the idea of being a savage underneath. Gene has a somewhat dark streak in his nature, which triggers him to lash out at innocent people. He intentionally jounces the limb of a tree while Finny, his scoop out friend, is standing at the edge make Finny to plummet and break his leg. This vicious act permanently damages Finny, to that degree Gene refuses the contemplation of being malicious.You forever were a savage underneath. I always k new that only I neveradmitted it. But in the last few weeksI admitted a hell of a lot to myselfIts you we happen to be talking about now. care a savage underneathlike that time you knocked Finny out of the treeLike that time youcrippled him for life. pg. 137Elwin Leper Lepellier, another main character, attempts to inform Gene of his inner malevolence, however, he never is able to come to terms with this, not even xv years later.A controversy between mind and compassion prevents Gene from confessing his hatred, guilt, and envy towards Phineas. His mind could not comprehend how his heart could ruin such an important, yet remarkable companionship.It wasnt my neck, but my understanding which was menaced. Finny hadNever been jealous of me for a second. Now I knew that there never wasand never could have been any tilt between us. I was not of the samequality as he. pg. 51Gene considers that he is not of the same quality as he Finny. He feels he cannot live up to the supremeness of Phi neas. Finny never attempts to hurt Gene instead bears in mind how to assist Gene. He somewhat regrets his previous actions, causing him to begin denying such wickedness. Gene finally comes to terms with his resentment at the trial. He confesses to Finny that his prior negations where false. Although not completely, Gene Forrester at last concedes his denial and whole caboodle attentively to discover and repair his unwanted characteristic.The benevolent Phineas experiences a great deal of denial as the novel proceeds. He refuses to suppose two facts Gene, his outflank friend, causing his accident and the presence of the war. Finny is a loyal, trustworthy, caring companion and considers to be the same he feels all people are innately good. He cannot believe that Gene caused him to fall from the tree. All the events surrounding his accident lead Finny into denial. He does not want to perceive this issue as being true so he ignores it until Brinkers Trial prohibits him to deny the ma tter any longer. Once Brinker begins to question Finny about that day of his accident, he scuttles from the room instead of acknowledging the truth.The other demo of denial of reality is Finnys inability to admit that the war exists. Finny infers a fabrication of fat old men that keeps young people from enjoying themselves. This assertion provides a convenient excuse since he is incapable to participate in the controversy of the world. Phineas, unfortunately, could not face the truth after being in denial for so long, he dies attempting to run away from the truth. Phineas, reluctantly confronts his own denial. Incapable to withstand such trauma, he flees only to undertake his catastrophic demise.After avoiding such principles as denial, Gene and Phineas endure a rude awakening to life transitions. These demonstrations of denial prove how both exploit denial to construct their own fantasy-world, which prevents each from notifying the truth.

Reflective Essay on Communication

I am a health c ar assist (HCA) on an elderly care surgical ward and we nurse many different patients who set about had elective surgery and corrective surgery after a trauma. I have a lot of contact with patients who suffer with dementia, ongoing confusion due to urinary tract infections and can often display challenging and aggressive behavior.I have found on a daily basis that patients be numerate can frustrated when they cannot communicate what they want, and I was sure that with my strong stress I would come across as harsh. This left me feeling worried and sometimes inadequate because it is in my job and personal nature to want to suffice those in my care. As part of my Personal Assessment Document (PAD) my mentor and I decided that I would I would push myself to speak with patients to a greater extent and adopt how they reacted to me. I would read the patients purple This is me folder to try and engage them on a more personal level.With this reflective account I will be di scussing an experience that I had on my ward and how through thoughtfulness I have managed to gain more confidence in my declamatory businessman to talk to my patients and convey my compassion in the way I communicate with the patients in my care.I will use the reflective framework devised by Atkin and Murphy (1994) to make this account. It is the right model of reflection for me to look back and learn from my experiences.Personally, creation a good student and health carer does not just come with reflection in the mind nevertheless also reflective practice which, according to the nursing standard enables a student to develop their skills, increase their knowledge and megabucks with emotionally challenging situations (RCN 2012). Reflection is something that should be engaged with on an everyday basis and from very early on in your health care career. It enables you to withstand on caring about the patients you treat and how to improve yourself personally and professionally.I enjoy both the personal rewards and the challenges that go hand in hand with working with patients with dementia. I find that on the drive home I t extirpate re-evaluate everything in my life and be grateful for the now. A patient whom will go by the pseudonym of Polly to maintain her confidentiality (The NMC Code of professional Conduct, 2004) was admitted to the ward with a fracture to the neck of her femur.I was advised that the patient was very confused, and would spit at staff and be both physically and verbally aggressive when approached simply would constantly cry out that she commanded inspection and repair. She was in the early to middle stages of Alzheimers disease and had come from a care home for those suffering with dementia. Alzheimers disease is characterised by the loss of short term memory, deterioration in both behaviour and rational performance and slowness of thought (Dictionary of Nursing 1998).In handover that morning I found that I would be working with h er that day, and as she was post operative I would need to wash her and try to mobilise her to sit out in her chair so that the physiotherapists could help her to walk again and get her on the pathway to being discharged back to her care home. I found that I was nervous in approaching this patient as I did not want to roll her or get hurt. Personally I would always wake patients like Polly who require the attention of more than one member of staff last as it is better to leave the patient to sleep so that they are well rested. That, and from handover I had learned that Polly had experienced a rather active night.Before waking Polly I had read her personal This is me purple file to find out if she had any preferred names, and how she liked to be spoken in any case. This is me was devised by the Alzheimers society and is think to provide professionals with entropy about the person with dementia as an individual. This will enhance the care and support given while the person is in a n unfamiliar with(predicate) environment(Alzheimers society 2011). With this knowledge I could help maintain a similar routine for Polly and I would not confuse her by overloading her with too many questions and instructions.I woke Polly up gently, and sat myself down in the chair by her bed so that I was not standing over her. I exhausted almost thirty minutes with Polly getting her up and ready, the patient did not get upset or frustrated with me, andshe was able to do most of the slipstream and dressing herself with help from me. Once this was completed I handed over to physiotherapists that they too should take this approach with Polly.I spent twelve days in do with Polly. In this time she was aggressive with me, and she would spit at me when I approached her. Yet, once I used her preferred name and tailored my approach to what she needed from me, I found that Polly was a pleasant and wonderful lady, who could be the complete opposite to the patient that was first handed ov er to me that first morning.Morris and Morris state that the symptoms of dementia are experienced by each person in their own unique way (2010) and this is reinforced by the publication of the this is me leaflet. It enables staff to really look at each individual patient and assess what their needs are. In reflection, if I had not read this leaflet and just gone ahead and woke Polly up as I do each patient, the events of the day could have taken a very different path. I found that by talking to Polly as pass on in her leaflet that she reacted in a calmer manner and did not get as anxious or frustrated as quickly as my colleagues had watchful me to think.Reflecting over my first day with Polly, I do not remember struggling to say my words more clearly than what I normally would have done. Polly was not deaf, nor was she a child and I kept it in my mind that this patient was still a scared lady who had broken a big part of her body and was in a large amount of hassle in the ass. F urthermore, she might not be able to communicate this fact as clearly as someone without dementia.Hobson states that, the HCA will need to learn to adapt how they attempt to understand what the person is saying to them and that this can only be achieved by entering the identical world as the person with dementia (2012, P337). At times Polly would pretend to cry like a child and repeat the words Oh Mummy, mum, mum. Oh Mummy but not be able to give an answer when questioned what was wrong and how could we help her. Taking this into consideration, Polly might not be actually asking for her Mum but actually trying to communicate a very much deeper need.My understanding of how patients with dementia communicate lead me to point to Pollys hip and ask her if she felt pain there when she moved, to which she replied yes she did. In reflection I found this was a much better approach rather than just asking if Polly wanted any pain relief. Elkins has stated that asking the patient with demen tia a direct question is almost a waste of time, as the patient does not have the information to give you. Instead it is more beneficial for the patients sense of self worth to ask them a question with an optional answer of yes or no. It could also be said that a statement rather than a question is better because it leaves the patient feeling more in avow (2011).From this experience, I suggested to the nurses that when doing their drug round that they should lower themselves down to Pollys eye level and ask her if her hip hurt her, rather than standing at the end of her bed or beside her asking if she wanted any pain relief. This suggestion meant that Polly had more regular pain relief, and as a team we knew when she was in pain.Furthermore, this information could be added to her file and become part of Pollys future care pathway. Elkins raised the very same argument that once an effective communication tie had been achieved, the individual is much more like to remain calm and anx iety free This would show that dialogue between patient and healthcare professional had been greatly improved and would continue to do so in the future (2011).In reflection, I have found that I was so focused on the need to be understood through my use of English that at times I under-estimated the importance of non-verbal communication. Now, having taken a step back I see that I am almost in the same boat as the patient suffering with dementia, we are both just an individual attempting to communicate (Hobson, 2012) and as a HCA the method of employing feelings and emotions should become more significant than the spoken word (Hobson, 2012).Although my confidence in speaking to patients is always growing, I am more appreciative of how much more effective my body language, and the tone of my voice can be when communicating with a patient with dementia. Yes, looking after these patients can be a challenge but getting past the dementia and working in ways that compliment the patients mi ndset will be of morebenefit to the patient. By spending some time reading each patients information leaflet I am able to help maintain a patients well being and create a more anxiety free environment for our patients.

What Is History Essay

History is looking at others perspective, point of view, understanding what they thought was okay and not okay. Evidence is cruel in history. Without evidence historians would not accommodate known what happened. In an historical event such as Columbus and his men, and some people may be very bias to what he did, only if what he did do to these people are not Okay, and would never in a cardinal years pass in this century. Over a million Taint Indians killed, murdered, raped, shipped into slavery.Without Columbus journal and is men and the priest journal, we would probably not really know what happen and how cruel he was to these people that welcomed and showed Him and His Men the land. A historical account would be that would still think he is an amazing person, that did great and wonderful things, but in reality he didnt. Of course everything is selective or omitted, like when we were writing our biography or interviewing our parents, they would not want someone to know every det ail.What if they were doing something they didnt want a trainer or their children or child to know? But how could we if the primary source story is reliable? Thats when we go to secondary sources. When there are two different stories we could go to witnesses or friends that were there with them. In history, the audience is who writes the books, tells the stories, and passes on the knowledge from their grandparents or parents to their children and they pass it on to their children.

Serandib Bank

CONTENT Page 1. Introduction. 1 2. Executive Summary. 2 3. Problem avouchment. .3 4. Alternatives. 5 5. last 8 6. Implementations.. 9 Introduction This is the fourth assignment which I am forwarding as a case study for module 4 testing of Professional Qualification in Human Resource Management 75th Batch at the Institute of Personal Management Sri Lanka (IPM).The case is about the SerendiB coin pious platitude which was playing a successful monopoly game in the Bankers field where only deuce other local asserts were held collectible to the Government regulations towards the implementation of contrary banks in the country. The SerendiB Bank was leading the country with a staff of 9,800 at the branches operating in each leading town island wide. Very recently on its fiftieth anniversary, a brand- unseasoned chief executive officer, Mrs. Maya Perera was appointed on her post who was dear devolveed back to the country after serving 20 years at two foreign Banks as a Top Executi ve.With the arrival of new CEO, umpteen senior executives of the bank were unhappy with her new approach which is emphasized on followings. Cooperate vision and strategies/ assembly linees objectives for next five years Creating customer friendly process Introduction of latest technology Motivating internal staff through extrinsic motivation Promoting team scat and achieving goals through team dynamics. The bank was delighting its success for next two years till the time of arriving two foreign banks and with that, suddenly it faced a narrow drop in all aspects.The bank mixed-up its customers by 50% and the employee turnover was 22%. Finally the bank has close down its 22 branches and divest it two overseas operations. Executive Summary SerendibB Bank was practicing the seniority based promotions, non-fiscal abide bys for individual efforts and also staff enjoyed the handed-down banking activities. But, new CEO emphasized the impotency of introduction of latest technology whi le motivating the staff through extrinsic motivation and promoting team thrash and achieving goals through team dynamism.Also, CEO wanted to encourage mountain more towards the monetary rewards and as a result focusing introduced nearly a 12 of group incentives whilst statutory payments were paid in double over and above the legalized criteria. Although Bank happen upond a higher growth rate in financial wrong during the first two years tenure of new CEO, many senior executives were extremely unhappy with the CEOs new approach. With launching of two new foreign banks, many senior staff members left from the SerendibB and joined with this new banks for better prospects and relieve with the newly introduce reward schemes.Within first six months, SerendibB lost over 50% of customer base and also drop in revenue. Further, SerendibB had to close down 22 branches and divested two overseas operations. This case study demonstrates the employee reward systems passel help organizations to achieve their goals. However, Employers must first identify each objective drawly before developing tangible and intangible reward systems. of the essence(p) goals much(prenominal) as employee memory board and job satisfaction, performance improvement and employee motivation locoweed be achieved by identifying the desired outcome of employee reward programs. . Problem Statement 1. The newly introduced reward management system does not fit to the filmments of the employees in the organization. The effectiveness of reward package is have-to doe withed by internal and external factors and it is of the essence(p) for employers to continually monitor, evaluate and adjust their rewards and benefits packages to ensure that they continue to meet employees havefully. Changes in the militant landscape, in the economy, in employee needs and in demographics can all impact how effectively existing packages meet employee needs.On departure assessment of both internal drivers and ext ernal environmental impacts can help ensure that companies reward packages serve to drive retention in a positive way. But, New CEO of SerendibB Has assortmentd the existing reward management system without doing a proper study. Therefore, change of existing reward management system is not suitable to entire organization and its requirement. 2. The newly introduced Reward Management system does not have the proper relief between the monetary and Non Financial Rewards, individual and group rewards.Financial rewards and group incentives are one way businesses can show their appreciation to employees for hard work and dedication, but this should be just one piece of the compensation system. Non-financial rewards and individual incentives can carry just as much weight by empowering employees, as well as talent them a sense of accomplishment and of belonging. CEO of this bank always promoted the monetary rewards and the team work concept among staff. Therefore, rewarding system shoul d be balanced among financial and non-financial rewards as well as the Individual and the group incentives. . The Reward Management System is not consistent and sustainability. Employee reward systems can help employers achieve their organisational goals. However, employers must first identify each objective clearly before developing tangible and intangible reward systems. New CEO had taken a decision to pay in double the EPF,ETF and gratuity over and above the legalized criteria. But he hasnt checked whether the organization can afford such a huge expensein the future. At the same time legal consultants also advised the top management not to grant excessive financial rewards.Therefore, such a reward managements system doesnt have a sustainability, consistency and credibility 4. The Reward Management System does not catering the purpose. Employers must stand employee rewards that the companys employees find meaningful. Well-managed employee reward management system have tangible a ffirmative effects on the employers bottom line results such as Attraction, retention, motivation, engagement, return on investment. Throughout the case it doesnt demonstrate the key values of reward management system.Further, Majority of the staff of the SerendibB bank left and joined with new foreign bank due to frustration. In that case SerendibB was failed to full fill the basic requirement of the reward management system. 5. The Reward Management System does not cater the requirements of the existing staffWithinfirst six months of opening the competitor banks, SerendiB lost over 50% of customer base and had to face huge drop in revenue. Also, many of the senior staff members joined the new foreign banks. By that blink of an eye, top management of the SerendibB bank well knew the reason behind.But, nobody take steps to change or enhance the existing rewarding system so that best fit for the existing employees and have them with the SerendibB bank. Alternatives 1. SerendibBBank should come up with incentive plans as follows for their employees in order to reward staffs who contribute the most to the profitability goals of the bank. This allows employees to reap the rewards to their business acquisition activities and helps to promote a sense of self-achievement and teamwork. a) Bank need to identify those harvest-feasts and function that it wants to concentrate upon based on product demand, pricing and risk analysis.For example, when a bank decides that too much of its assets are related to the condominium market, a supplanting toward other income producing real estate is made. Once the current year product and profitability goals are ceremonious, the various departments of the bank are informed of the products that the bank is going to pursue. b) It is recommended consult with staff and trade union and gets their ideas of a new incentive system. Also, management can conduct brief survey to get the ideas of staff. Provide clear choices in survey in or der to get clear answers.Ask questions like Would you prefer a cash reward or a personalized brass instrument for being employee of the month? Employee surveys should also list a variety of monetary and non-monetary awards and ask employees to list their preferences. c) A bank profitability system takes each product that the bank volunteers and classifies it according to the responsible department and customer account. The various customer accounts are assigned to specific employee who manage the account and increase the business quite a little of the bank with the customer. The employees also acquire new customer accounts that generate profit.Therefore, a proper profitability system must be capable of tracking the win of existing and new customer accounts by employee in order to reward the efforts of the employee through the incentive program of the bank d) Once the various income-producing goals are established for the bank, the acquisition incentive program is communicated t o the departments involved. For example, if incentive payments are being offered for acquiring new real estate business loans, the program details what the employee needs to do in order to earn an incentive payment.The typical program involves the payment of an upfront fee to the employee of two percent for the original acquisition of new business and a five percent payment after the first year of operation from the ongoing business of the customer. This type of program tends to bring the operation of the bank together e) The continual monitoring of the profit and loss goals of the bank according to customer and assigned employee must be transparent and addressable to the relevant employee, as well as to the department supervisor. This allows for total follow-up and monetary remuneration.It also shows where adjustments need to be made due to problematic relationships. Furthermore, it provides the historical base for draw close and motivation. f) Measure employee satisfaction of ne w or improved incentive plan by obtaining ideas of employees or implementing a survey and review exit interview information. In addition, analyze turnover rates before and after implementing the employee incentive program to measure the effectiveness of the new or improved rewards system. 2. Monetary incentives encourage employee compliance, quite than encouraging risk-taking, since most monetary rewards consider only employee performance.Employees may be motivated to perform in certain ways to achieve monetary rewards, quite than doing something because it is the right thing to do. This behavior can disrupt or end good working relationships among associates, since they have become competitors rather than co-workers, which ultimately disrupts the overall work environment. Non-monetary incentives have been used to reward employees for their good work by providing opportunities for training, flexible work schedules, improved work environments and sabbaticals.Therefore it is essentia l to take a good balance between non-monetary and monetary incentives as well as the group and individual incentives. Because it results in a more satisfying program to address the diverse interests and needs of employees. 3. With the lost of customer base, SerendibB bank is in a terrible finance situation. Bank is still paying the statutory payments in double to existing employees due to wrong decision taken by its CEO. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately stop such extra payment (EPF,ETF Gratuity)done by the bank to its employees and on behalf of employees. . SerendibB Bank need effective reward systems in order to attract employees to the bank take for their existing employees and maintain a satisfied workforce. The primary employee reward is usually pay. But, SerendibB has to offer a total reward system that includes good pay and other non-monetary incentives. Designing a total reward system is important task to be done by the bank to overcome the current problem it has fa ced. Therefore, bank can implement following to attract external people. a) Develop a competitive pay strategy.Benchmark (two foreign banks) the market pay scale for each compensated position in the organization. Once pay scales are determined, Deputy CEO can decide which positions should be paid at, below or above the average pay rate. Critical positions in the organization are often paid at higher rates to keep valuable employees and avoid wasting resources on employee searches. b) Establish work-life rewards. These rewards include paid or unpaid sick time, paid dejeuner and break times, childcare assistance, variable work schedules and other benefits that dont normally include pay, but are seen as valuable by employees.Organizations that are in a position that precludes paying traditional benefits can sometimes keep employees by offering these types of rewards c) Develop meaningful employee information programs. Many employees respond to simple recognition for a job well done. This can be as easy and spontaneous as a simple thank you or more nonionized as a monthly or every quarter recognition lunch or dinner. Its important that people who are recognized are authentically heavy(p) workers. Depending on the profitability of the organization employees be recognized with anything from cash to event tickets to a certificate. ) Initiate a career development program. Many employees will hitch at organizations that offer fewer benefits if they can see that there is possible job advancement available in the future. Offering management training programs that truly given employee a leg up on future career advancement can be viewed as a valuable reward. This can be a very low-cost reward system that keeps employees for the long-term. Its important to only offer training to employees who truly deserve it. 5. At this crucial time, it is important to harbor existing employees.Therefore it is requires to offer them a short tem rewards such as meal allowances, bonus es, transport allowances, health and life insurance, and annual vacation in order to keep employees. Conclusion Most people work mainly or even exclusively for the money they earn. No employee refuses more money, whether it is a one-time reward or a permanent pay increase, but employee rewards need not always be monetary. Raises and bonuses are among the most potent workplace rewards. The importance of rewards in the workplace extends beyond providing increased pay.Therefore, it is important to starta proper reward system in the bank with the aim of getting below results to the SerendibB bank and overcomeexisting problems which bank is experienced now. Staff storage Staff turnover is expensive. It costs a company from 120 to 200 percent of an employees annual salary to replace him when he leaves. New hires often require considerable time to reach peak performance. Staffs who feel that the bank recognizes their efforts are less likely to seek jobs elsewhere than those who feel that they are taken for granted. Maintaining MoraleAt this moment staffs of SerendibBsuffer from low morale. This is especially due to unhappy with CEOs new approach towards the reward system. Providing rewards can boost morale and need not be much costly. Enhancing exercise Rewarding employees often improves performance on the job. Nonmonetary rewards often produce surprisingly sustained increases in staff productivity. Raises and bonuses also increase staff productivity. Carrot Versus worry Motivation Bank staff is consisted with educated employees. Taking a stick approach to bank discipline is often counterproductive in motivating staff.Punishments, in the form of negative public recognition, can quickly disintegrate into a finger-pointing exercise among employees eager to keep the spotlight away from themselves. Therefore, it is very racy to have a effective rewarding system in SerendibB bank to speed up the recruitment process and as well as to retain the existing staff . Impleme ntation Implementing an employee reward program is a great way to push workers to excel. Not only does a program generate results for the people who win awards, but it also tends to increase productivity and drive staff to give their most to the SerendibB Bank.Therefore, it is recommended to consider the below given areas when implementing and employee reward program to the SerendibB Bank. music director HR should take an initiative to implement a reward policy for the Bank so that it would be clear to the bank staff. Also, bank need to drill a grievance handling system, so that staff can come up with any problem they have and look for a solution. If such is available staff might wait and see whether they can have solution before they go for drastic actions such as leaving form the bankCreate two lists of goals, one for the bank and one for the staff. Be clear on what the staff are expected to do within the program and what bank want to achieve by creating it. Increasing customers , improving staff morale or rewarding hard staff are all acceptable goals, as long as bankis clear on them. Decide on the type of prize that will be awarded. Prizes can be symbolic (an actual certificate or medal) or they can be material and focus on money rewards, special items or long-term rewards, such as more time off or a raise. Announce the timing of the reward system.It doesnt really matter bank plan on handing out awards on a monthly or quarterly basis, but it has to plan in advance. Management of SerendibBlet the staff know what to expect and when. Once announce the program, HR department of the bank can do updates passim the month or quarter to show where the process is going and how everybody involved is doing. Designate a leader to keep track of the system. This could be a manager, a staff who is not participating in the program. Create a schedule or a follow-up system so bank staff can track themselves and make the process easier for the leader..

Design of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems Essay

Storage Tanks ar the tanks in which flammable and combustible liquids are stored. The storage tanks should be constructed of steel in case they are constructed above grounds. The non-combustible substance can be used for the construction if it is used to store a combustible liquid. The material used for the construction must be that helps the tank to be protected against the fire. In one of the storage tank fires broke bring out at the island of Palau Merimau, Singapore and the fire started catching tankage containing petroleum, motor gasoline and diesel product.Despite the size of fire and adverse logistics, fire fighting efforts were flourishing in controlling the fire. This require operational and design engineering considerations, proper fire fighting strategy, prefire and emergency response plans, fire water management and frigid/semifixed system. A permanent water supply, of sufficient volume, duration, pressure, required to properly operate the fire fighting equipment shal l be made available as soon as combustible materials accumulate and in the same way underground waters are to be provided, installed and made available for use as early as possible at the place of fire.In case were fixed water protection system is not installed with the tank with flammable or combustible liquids the floating roof to cover on liquid which helps to protect the fire to be broke out. Most fires in this design of tank burn only at the seal and are usually easily extinguished. Tanks with floating roofs are not likely to be involved in serious fires. This is because there is far less(prenominal) liquid surface is exposed to the fire.When storage tanks are not equipped with fixed fire protection then it must contain a immutable liquid storage at a pressure 17kPa (gauge). The tanks containing flammable liquids should be normally kept closed for protection of unless the tank is venting. Where runage facilities are provided to drain water from dike areas, efforts should be made to prevent flammable liquids from entering into any natural resources as it constitute fire hazard.REFERENCEReferred to sites1. http//www. ofm. gov. on. ca/ face/Publications/Guidelines/part4/4commen5. asp SECTION 4. 3 TANK STORAGE Subsection 4. 3. 1. Design, Construction and Use of Storage Tanks 2. http//www. osha. gov/doc/outreachtraining/htmlfiles/subpartf. html Fire Protection and Prevention DEFINITIONS applicable TO THIS SUBPART 1926. 155 3. http//www. ofm. gov. on. ca/english/Publications/Guidelines/part4/4commen5. asp SECTION 4. 3 TANK STORAGE Dated 4th August 2007

Business Analysis and Valuation Report

BUSINESS ANALYSIS AND VALUATION REPORT Scheduled Class Monday 200pm to 500pm 1. Introduction Harvey Norman is now a public friendship that is listed on the stock exchange, whose principal activities primarily consist of an integrated franchising, retail and property entity. It is one(a) of Australias most triple-crown retail groups, operating more than 150 franchised department stores, which focus on selling computers, home entertainment equipment and home appliances. It offers Australian consumers an extensive product range, cutting edge technology and merchandise drawship in most product categories.In this report, an in depth industry and political party analysis allow be provided in order to gain an understanding of the qualitative aspects of Harvey Normans operation. 2. Industry summary 2. 1 Main Products Harvey Norman be extensives to the sell industry. The main products offered by Harvey Norman consist of electrical, computer, furniture, entertainment and bedding good s. However, being distinctive from its antagonists, Harvey Norman is a franchise and the main brand possess by Harvey Norman Holdings moderate. 2. 2 Future Prospects In the next year, the competition in Australian retailing industry is likely to remain tight.Benefited from the Governments stimulus package during the GFC, Australians ability to consume has recovered. Therefore, this boost in consumption has caused a pressure of inflation. In order to mitigate the negative effect of inflation, thither has been frequent increase of interest rate by the Reserve Bank. Therefore, with interest rate rising, consumption in retailing goods is likely to reduce in the short circuit term. In the next five years, the Australian Dollar is going to remain strong. As a result, imported retailing goods ar likely to be cheaper for Australian consumers.Retailers in Australia are likely to continue their expansion to the overseas market. It is because retailers demand further improvements to the o perational movement. In the retentive run, retailers are likely to increase their section in key growth markets combined with the brand strength of their own community, in order to ensure future growth. These speculations are found on principles of economics, as sanitary as assessments of the changes in Australians consumption ability. 2. 3 Market Competition Review Harvey Norman competes in the five main retailing industries including electrical, computer, furniture, entertainment and bedding goods.Each industry has its own main player. The main players in the electrical and computer goods industry include Clive Peeters, Dick Smiths and Bing lee side. 1) Clive Peeterss retail coverage is the most similar to Harvey Norman in Australia. Their main products include Audio Visual, Kitchen appliances and white goods. Clive Peeters stores carry more than 140 brands and over 20,000 individual models. This ships company can be seen as a major competitor to Harvey Norman because of t heir similarity in size. 2) Bing Lee specializes in consumer electronics, computer and telecommunication goods.Unlike Harvey Norman, Bing Lee is a privately-held electrical retail business in New South Wales with 41 stores and a turnover of about $490 million. Although it is the largest privately-held business in this industry, Bing Lee dust as a relatively small size retailer comparing to Harvey Norman. 3) Dick Smith (formerly Dick Smith Electronics) is an international electronics retailer. It is a major competitor to Harvey Norman. Among all retailing industries where Harvey Norman competes in, the company remains dominant in the key product areas of audio, computers and visual products such as notebook computers and flat panel televisions.The company holds the number one position in the markets of white goods and technology products. 3Company Analysis 3. 1 Company Choice As one of Australias largest and most successful retailers, Harvey Norman has business interests in various areas including electrical, computer, furniture, entertainment and bedding goods. With more than 160 stores located in Australia, New Zealand, Slovenia, Ireland, Malaysia and Singapore, Harvey Norman is a conglomerate/franchise, which provides millions of consumers with products ranging from notebook computers to sofas to beddings.To run a successful business operation of Harvey Normans magnitude requires not only operational excellence, but also strategic brainwave and vision on macro economic conditions, market trends forecasts and also a distinctive understanding and implementation of the companys business strength. The companys strong business operations across multiple product areas/industries agnize Harvey Norman an interest case study to analyze both from an operations charge up of view as rise up as strategic. Furthermore, given the challenging market conditions in 2008 and 2009, it would be raise to analyze how Harvey Norman responded to the economic downturn.The comp any ascertained a significant improvement in net get ahead from underlying business operations during the last 6 months of FY2009, according to Harvey Normans 2009 yearbook Report. It would be insightful to see what strategies and tactics were used by Harvey Norman to achieve this result, especially in the integrated, franchise and property system sectors since these were reported by the company to be resilient in achieving strong results and growing market share in all key product categories. 3. 2 Company score DateSignificant Event(s) 961Gerry Harvey & Ian Norman established the Norman Ross chain of stores 1979Norman Ross became one of the largest appliance retail chains controlled 42 stores with gross sales exceeding AUD240 million 1982Norman Ross was sold and a single Harvey Norman store was started in Auburn, Sydney. 1987Harvey Norman Holdings Limited was listed on the Australian stock market Early 1990sHarvey Norman adopted the superstore format and entered the computer and furniture markets 1998Joyce Mayne acquisition 2000The chain grew to 100 stores 3. 3 Competitive AdvantageHarvey Normans competitive advantage can be classified into hardware and software program perspectives with the hardware component incorporating corporate strategy and business structure while the software component incorporating leadership skills and management style Corporate Strategy Harvey Norman embraces and successfully maximizes benefits bought forth by the economies of scale (both on the purchasing as well as market side) achieves seamless integration of its retail, franchise and property systems has tenuous brand awareness, which translates into brand loyalty from customers. Business structure Harvey Norman has successfully setup, adopted and utilized the franchising operation which en equals it to generate tax income from multiple sources it has a alter product base which can help mitigate risks and capture a wider customer base. Leadership skills Harvey Norman has the ability to identify and acquire property associated with HNs development of retail stores in growth areas, which is a crucial element of the integrated retail and property strategy. Management style Leadership is able to respond to market change and demand effectively both in terms of products and operations. For example, Harvey Norman has expanded its product oblations and operations into various countries in reply to increased demand (from both local and foreign markets). 3. 4 SWOT Analysis Strengths Franchising Operation Improved technology and supply chain management systems. (Global swap Management System) Economies of scale both in purchasing and marketing. Effective integrated retail, franchise and property system and disordered gearing supports to capitalize competitors failure. Weaknesses Issue of low profit leeway putting unvarying pressure Closure of its exportation and distribution businesses in Singapore and Malaysia has negatively impacted on the profitab ility in Asia market. Own only little market shares in the gaming industry. Opportunities The strong performance of the franchising operating segment Expand franchising operations in potential geographic areas and extending product offerings using stable monetary capability. Growing market shares in many overseas market such as Malaysia, New Zealand, Slovenia and Ireland OFIS brand is expanding in Australian market as a discount retailer of stationery Threats High inflation, capital market liquidity crisis and decreased demand because of Global financial crisis are affecting the business both locally and internationally. Fall in bell on electrical items due to rise of Australian dollar mark are directly lowering profit margin and increasing expenses. 3. 5 Future Prospects for Harvey Norman Next YearThere has been 10 new franchised complexes opened in Australia and a total of 8 leased stores were closed in 2009. A number of stores were also opened in offshore markets including the new OFIS brand, which implies that Harvey Norman is infinitely growing its operations and expanding geographically. Net profit from underlying business operations was down by 15. 2% as a result of many pull through down of assets, revaluation of assets and expenses taken place in the first half year of 2009. However, franchise sales revenue increased by 4%.With the continuous expansion and write down done in the financial year ended in June 20009, it is obvious that sales revenue and net profit will improve in the next year. Next Five Years The companys strong financial position and low gearing allow it to decorate to expand its operations and adds value to its brands and businesses across its value chain in the next five years. As visual aspectn in the financial talllight 2009, the net profit after tax had declined from 358. 45 million to 214. 35 million as a result of the increased amount of expenses and trading loss of many segments.However, the thoroughgoing(a) profit has increased, concluding that business is improving and growing. Moreover, the consolidated virtue has increased by $1. 12 billion, which dropped the debt/equity from 26. 61% to 26. 56%. It means the company is arduous to strengthen their equity position for the next five years as well as the long run. In the Long Run In the long run, Harvey Norman has many opportunities to continuously grow in the future. It has an effective integrated retail, franchise and property system that allows the company to make substantial profit from its owned operations, franchised operations and leased property.Harvey Norman and many of its brands have become the market leaders in its industry and it will continuously extend its product offering across all the brands to maintain its market position. It is confident that Harvey Norman will continuously perform well in the long run. 3. 6 Recent performance Table 1-3 represents the recent 3 years performance of HVN During last three years, there is a ju st about incensement in its revenues, the revenue (exclude interest) raised from 2008 to 2009 by 2. 4% as well as from 2007 to 2008 grew by 6. 6%.Table1 HVN Revenues, Expenses and Cash Flows FY2009 ($m) Revenues (Exclude Int) Expenses (Exclude D&A)EBITDAExpenses (D&A)EBITNet Cash Flows $2436. 0$1963. 28$472. 7$91. 04$381. 7$82. 71 Table1 HVN Revenues, Expenses and Cash Flows FY2008 ($m) Revenues (Exclude Int)Expenses (Exclude D&A)EBITDAExpenses (D&A)EBITNet Cash Flows $2378. 4$1873. 24$505. 2$84. 39$420. 8$-127. 18 Table1 HVN Revenues, Expenses and Cash Flows FY2007 ($m) Revenues (Exclude Int)Expenses (Exclude D&A)EBITDAExpenses (D&A)EBITNet Cash Flows $2229. 8$1819. 82$410. 0$74. 88$335. 1$50. 58Sales revenue for the Harvey Norman consolidated group consists of sales made by New Zealand, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Slovenia and the controlling interest held in Pertama Holdings Limited in Singapore. Consolidated sales revenue also includes Harvey Normans controlling interest in sever al retail partnerships and the company-run OFIS stores in Australia Consolidated sales revenue for the year ended 30 June 2009 was $1. 44billion compared to $1. 43billion for the year ended 30 June 2008, an increase of 0. 83%, despite the sales revenue decreased in slightly regions like public of Ireland and New Zealand.The reduction in sales in these regions was due to extremely challenging retails trading conditions and lack of consumer confidence. However, for the figure of financial report, all the foreign currency is translated in to Australia dollar. Since the depreciation in Australia dollar in the last year, sales revenue decreased in some local markets might show an increase in the financial report in Australia dollar. EBIT reported a loss of $39. 1m in 2009 compared with 2008 due to an increase in depreciation and amortization and operating expenses, comparing with 2007, there is an increase of $95. m in 2008. 3. 7 Accounting Analysis Managers Incentive of Earning use o f goods and services There are empirical evidence linking the character of executive compensation with gain manipulation and fraud. With regard to earnings manipulation, Keith J. (2006) finds that firms with relatively advanced amount of equity incentives to CEOs, in the forms of unrestricted stock and immediately exercisable options, are more likely to engage in earnings management by reporting small earnings increase, and also by reporting long strings of increasing earnings.In this case, Harvey Normans executive stipend packages involve a balance betwixt fixed and performance cash incentives (PCI) which includes short term such as base salary and long-term payments such as superannuation. Equity based remuneration can also potentially induce manages to manage earnings, by understating earnings prior to option grants to lower the firms current share price and exercising option later on. Evidence of Earning Manipulation When managers have accounting flexibility, they can use it either to communicate their firms economic occurrence or to hide true performance.Possible distortion Detail & Explanation Accelerated recognition of revenuesManagers typically have best information on the revenue recognition to decide whether or when the cash collection is reasonably likely. And they may have incentives to accelerate the recognition of revenues. They can adopt new accounting or use managers discretion to alter revenue recognition of, for instance, franchise fees or rent. Underestimated reservesFrom Note 5, provision for doubtful debt has decreased from 4. 7 m to 4. 3 m from Note 5(a) the aging analysis of trade debtors, number has increased from 952 k to 1,038 k.Due to the global financial global crisis and its influence to the debtors and consumers, it is not convincingly average to reduce provision for doubtful debt, which intends to overstate receivables. Understated depreciation on long-term assetFirms are required to recognize impairment in values of the lo ng assets when they arise. However, estimates of asset valuation and impairment are highly subjective. As a result, managers intend to delay or reduce write-down, or even not show impairments. This issue is especially crucial or asset-intensive firms in volatile markets. A review of Note 12, the economic situation in Ireland has continued to deteriorate and sedate recession has impacted all Irish retailers resulting in large trading losses in Ireland during the year, while an impairment loss in plant and equipment assets is slightly lower than expected. Capitalized R&D outlays The economic benefits from research and development are highly uncertain. In this case, the company capitalize IT projects, which cannot clearly show us a certain future benefits. Adjustment RecommendationAlthough there are reasonably large chances for the managers to manage and manipulate earnings, these managements are not materially enough to make adjustment. PCI may become incentives for managers to manip ulate earnings but also can be seen as incentives for managers to work on their best for the company as the higher(prenominal) earning achieved the higher incentives they can be awarded. Therefore, no adjustments have been made on all the accounting numbers, which will be used for analysis afterwards. References Harvey Norman (2010), nearly Us, Website, http//www. arveynorman. com. au/page/1255509869113/about-us Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd (2010), Company Profile, Website, http//www. harveynormanholdings. com. au/companyprofile. htm Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd (2010), Harvey Norman Holdings Limited Annual Report 2009, Website, http//www. harveynormanholdings. com. au/pdf_files/2009_annual_report_final_for_release_141009. pdf Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd (2010), Harvey Norman Holdings Limited Annual Report 2008, Website, http//www. harveynormanholdings. com. au/pdf_files/2008_Annual_Report_FINAL_30Sept. df Keith J. Crocker, Joel Slemrod, the economics of earnings manipulation and manage rial compensation, October 2006, NBER Working Paper No. 12645, JEL No. A12 Richard, D. 2009, Harvey Norman Conducts major(ip) CE Review Up to 10 Stores to Go, viewed 10 April 2010,http//www. smartoffice. com. au/Business/Retail/N9C6R5F6 Palepu, K. G. and P. M. Healy, Business Analysis and Valuation Using Financial Statements text and Cases, 4th ed. , South-Western College Publishing, 2007. Appendix Appendix A Standardized Financial Statement Appendix B SWOT AnalysisStrengths As mentioned above, its franchising operation is one of the company critical success factors and as well is their strength. In addition, Harvey Norman has a commitment to improve technology and supply chain management systems in solvent to the market growth, which becomes its business strength. In Australia the company benefits from enormous economies of scale in both purchasing and marketing. Also, the company is one of the biggest media spenders in the country, contributing to a high level of brand recongitio n throughout Australia.Another strength is their strong financial position, which is indicated in the financial highlight in the annual report 2008, as a result of their effective integrated retail, franchise and property system, it has built a strong financial position and low gearing that has placed Harvey Norman in an excellent position to capitalise on any competitor failure in the market place and to take advantage of emerging opportunities. Weakness match to a review by David Richards (2009), David Ackery, the general manager of Electrical at Harvey Norman comments that they are facing the issue of its margin with its vendors and retailers.Although the gross profit margin in 2008 is stable and slightly increased in comparison to 2007 from 25. 9% up to 26. 7% (calculated from the income statement 2008), the vendors and retailers are continuously placing pressures on its margin. Furthermore, the closure of its export and distribution businesses in Singapore and Malaysia has neg atively impacted on the profitability in Asia market. Another weakness is the gaming market that had not performed as well as JB Hi Fi with Ackery (2009) admitting that it was a booming area of the market, where Harvey Norman had not taken much market shares in this area.Opportunities Harvey Norman is being the market leader in the industry and has improved and maintained its market share position in Australia, which makes it difficult for new entrants to enter into the market. Harvey Norman has the opportunities to continuously expand its operations into international markets as it has been proven in its successful operations in overseas such as New Zealand. As a result of its strong financial position, Harvey Norman has the capability and ability to invest in expanding its operations in other geographical areas that are potentially profitable as well as extending its product offerings.Threats Global economic recession is a major threat to any industries and companies including Har vey Norman. Also, capital market liquidity crisis, contracting monetary policy, high inflation and petrol prices are negatively impacting on consumer sentiment, which decrease the demand and thus, profitability. Prices on electrical items had been falling due to a rising Australian dollar and the rapid obsolescence of many technology products, which lower its profit margin and increases expenses. Appendix CProject and Team Work Source/Information Origin and substance Source and information used for this project would come from Harvey Normans corporate website (which includes corporate profile, investor relations sections, past annual reports). Also media coverage of the company, its competitors, and market landscape/environment will also be used as reference to allow for ample understanding and analysis of Harvey Norman and its business operations. The Difficulties of Analysis on the Industry and CompanyHarvey Norman has business operations in multiple segments including electrical , computer, furniture, entertainment and bedding goods, with more than 160 stores located in Australia and abroad. Because Harvey Norman is a conglomerate/franchise, which provides products ranging from notebook computers to sofas to beddings, so it is slightly hard to label its business, which consequently leads difficulty finding fair industry benchmark. It is hard but interesting to analyse this case.Some other problem may be that the major information are from internal statement, and external source are either pretty trivial or lack of detail. The Contribution of Each Group Member The work of this group project is equally allocated to each group member based on his or her strength and weakness and each group member contributes a hundred percent to their work. They are able to meet the deadline even though everyone has their own personal commitment. Issues with Team Work and Solution

Environmental Ethics

1. Your case study will begin by spirit up and writing a solid, detailed definition of BIO-MAGNIFICATION. In order to understand the good dilemmas that corporations are facing we must look at few of the more obvious areas to the public polluted water supplies, polluted air, dirt, etc. They understand bio-magnification and so does the EPA.Research and explain what this scientifically means and how it is applied when the EPA conducts the testing on ground water, as an example. (one page is required) Bio-magnification is a Result of the process ofbioaccumulationand biotransfer by which weave concentrations of chemicals in organisms at one trophic level exceed tissue concentrations in organisms at the next lower trophic level in a diet chain. environmental Protection Agency, 2010 (Biomagnification, 2012). In other words, bio-magnification is the increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of one of the following persistence (cant be confus ed down by environmental processes), food chain energetics, and or low (non consistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance ( a lot due to water-insolubility).Biological magnification often times refers to the process by whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, work their way into our rivers, lakes and streams, are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. These substances become concentrated in tissues or internal variety meat as they move up the food chain (Biomagnification, 2012). In summary, bio-magnification is the process whereby the tissue concentrations of a contaminant, such as pesticides or heavy metal, increase as it passes up the food chain through two or more trophic levels. . The second part of this case is about genetically circumscribed foods. palisade the concept that utilitarian is concerned regarding the rights of consent when dealing with authorityly denigrating new technologies. (2 pages are required) a. Conduct research on genetically circumscribed foods utilise at least 2 sources and take a position. What is genetically modified foods? Genetically modified foods(GM foods, orbiotech foods) are foods derived fromgenetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA bygenetic engineeringtechniques.These techniques are much more precisethanmutagenesis(mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to name a non-specific but stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding plant breeding, and animal breeding, andsomaclonal variation. Since genetically modified food has been introduced into supermarkets, there has been much contr everyplacesy as to whether it is actually safe (Genetically modified food, 2012). Genetically modified foods in the US include over 40 plant varieties tha t have completed all federal requirements for commercialization (Whitman, 2000). . Is it ethical or not to produce these foods? It is ethical to produce the foods as big as the genetically modified foods are being produced for ethical reasons, such as meeting the ever growing hungers need of our world population. One ethical dilemma that is presented with genetically modified foods is fairness in the use of genetic information, which means who should have access to personal genetic information, and how it will be used (Genetically modified foods, 2012)? Another is privacy and confidentiality of genetic information, or who owns and controls genetic information? c. Do the benefits outweigh the costs?The benefits GM foods include compound taste and quality, reduced maturation time, increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance. Other benefits of GM foods include improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides. Also, new products and growing techniques are benefits of GM foo ds. Environmental benefits of genetically modified foods include conservation of soil, water, and energy and better natural waste management. The costs of GM foods include potential human health impacts and potential environmental impacts including unknown effects on organisms and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity.Another cost to weigh with GM Foods is the possibility of world food production command by a few companies. Also, increased dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries is a cost to be considered when thinking about GM foods. Ethically, GM foods run the risk of potentially violating organisms intrinsic values and stress for animals. I do not believe the risks outweigh the benefits. I am hunted of what will happen while we are tampering with mother nature. d. Are these foods harmful to human consumption?It is not yet known if the foods are harmful to human consumption. The long term effects on humans after consuming GM foods is not yet known. e. Who is lobbying for this new breed of food? Business, governments, individuals, and why? Who benefits from these foods financially, ethically, and humanitarian? Businesses lobby for this new breed of food. These businesses can acquire a patent for their GM foods and ultimately corner the market on said food items which is extremely financially beneficial for these businesses.Individuals in third world countries and impoverished countries benefit the most from GM foods. Our governments must find a way to mold the GM Food industry in such a way that it is ethical and fair to individuals and companies. Thousand of starving people can be salve by implementing the GM food procedures but the risks of long term consumption on the human existence is unknown and therefore makes it very hard to watch whether or not it is ethical to produce GM foods. Works Cited Biomagnification. (2012, July 8). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Biomagnification Biomagnification. (2012, July 8). Retrieve d from http//toxics. usgs. gov/definitions/biomagnification. html Genetically modified food. (2012, July 8). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food Genetically modified foods and organisms. (2012, May 17). Retrieved from http//www. ornl. gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood. shtml Whitman, D. (2000, April). Genetically modified foods libellous or helpful?. Retrieved from http//www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php/review. pdf

Prophet Mohammad Essay

If I could travel support in time to admit a illustrious someone from history, I would ask to meet with Prophet Mohammad. He is well be intimate across the world as the person who brought the Moslem religious belief to the Arab countries. His teachings tummy be found in the Holy Quran (Madelung, 87). It is give tongue to in Islam that Mohammed is the last of all(a) the prophets immortal will send to all the battalion on the earth. Mohammed is rattling famous because he brought a religion to the world by the orders of deity and in only a short time, it became well chicanen everywhere. Even today, there are over 1 billion people in the world who are Muslims.Only a bulky person like Mohammed could have created a religion in his lifetime that would have captured the attention of all people. Islam started when god sent down angel Gabriel to Mohammed at the mountain Hara. He was first told, Okra which means read. The awful part about this is Mohammed could never read nor write before meeting the angel. From this time at 40 years old until he was 63 years of age, he received many rules and light from God. His instructions were to advise the people of Gods rules and how they should wait, for they were living in haram or sin (Watt, 48). Mohammed was innate(p) and raised in Mecca.Read moreHow to write an essay about someone you admireHis induce died before he was born and he lost his mother too at the age of sestet and thereafter lived with his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib as an orphan (Andrea, 78). Growing up as an orphan in Mecca was never easy stock-still though he was well fed by his guardians. At a tender age of twelve, Mohammed had started engaging in trading journeys with his uncle. He therefore started to develop interest in commercial trade probably because that was the only option he had because he grew up as an orphan. Mohammed took up the career as a merchant in his later youth and was highly regarded as authoritative and late r nicknamed al-Amin.Mohammeds youthful days are rightfully admirable and inspiring at the corresponding time (Madelung, 59). He not only had an upright character but was in like manner a very hard working young man who seek and beat the odds despite his humble background. It was for his account that a forty year old widow called Khadijah who asked for his hand in marriage which he trustworthy and lived happily thereafter (Turner, 89). After the death of Khadijah, Mohammed married other women numbering about thirteen and he was survived by nine of them. One of them was called Aisha, who concord to the Sunni Muslims was Mohammeds favorite companion.She is known for her instrumental work in bringing to touch onher the many scattered Mohammeds sayings that later formed the Sunnis hadith literature. As a husband, Mohammed had a great reputation at a time when women were lowly regarded in the society. It is said that he participated in house chores like washing, cooking and even se wing clothes. Although women were never treated middling during the prophets time, Mohammed was extremely exceptional with his women. He not only listened to his wives advice but excessively booked them in dialogue and arguments.This is worth emulating in todays Muslim societies where women continue to suffer in the hands of their men (Andrea, 75). Mohammeds future prophetic life was said to have been prophesized by some other Christian monk he met his way to his many caravans from Mecca to Syria (Watt, 56). At the onset of his prophetic life, Mohammed was fond of see a cave in Mount Hira every year where he would meditate for weeks. According to Islamic teachings, it was during one of the ritual meditations at Mount Hira when angel Gabriel descended and instructed him to say the following words exhilarate or read ) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood Proclaim And thy Lord is Most Bountiful, He Who taught (t he use of) the pen, Taught man that which he k immature not (Quran 96 1-5). Mohammed was very more than disturbed by these revelations and knew the task required of him. He went home and shared with his wife Khadija and Khadijahs Christian cousin-german who consoled and reassured him that nothing bad would happen (Ramadan, 45). He was afraid of the word of honor and did not know how he could get others to listen to what he was to say.His wife was the first to tell him she believed him and that Mohammed must do what was told. The amazing thing about Mohammed is his opinion and willingness to do what God commanded. He never gave up in his prayers even after a pause of al just about three years after the initial revelation. He prayed unendingly until God finally commanded him to start preaching the word to his people. He was living in Mekkah of Saudi Arabia when he began his teachings to the people. According to Islamic teachings, Mohammeds wife was the first person who believed t hat he was a prophet.His younger cousin called Ali Abi Talib and best friend Abu Bakr as well as his adopted son Zaid were to follow in accept in his prophesies (Turner, 102). Many of people from Mecca did not like or accept this way of life and tried to kill Mohammed. He would be mocked or chased away by the Meccans who could not believe or understand his new way of life. The opposition to Prophet Mohammed in Mecca began when he started preaching against worshiping of the idols that was a honey oil feature in Mecca city.He also became a threat to the wealthy religious leaders who depended on the Kaaba, a major defining traditional feature of the Meccan religion which Mohammeds teachings would render obsolete. Due to these, most of his new converts were killed by the wealthy merchants and other opposing groups who never wanted their traditional religions interfered with. But Mohammed had to tolerate insults and ridicules only and could not be harmed or killed because he came from the Banu Hashim clan (Madelung, 56).He left and traveled to antithetical places including Yemen before he went back to Saudi Arabia to live in the city called Medina. The people of Medina were accepting of him and listened to his advice. in that respect were some people there who professed to Jewish or other religions, but they did not fight down with Mohammed. He had a groovy reputation in Medina where he helped to solve a long standing inter-ethnic conflict. A delegation comprising of representatives from all the clans involved in the fight between Jewish and Arabs in the Yathrib was sent to get Mohammed to arbitrate in the conflict.This did not only help him to escape the hostile city of Mecca but also enable him spread his teaching to various communities and clans in the greater Middle atomic number 99 (Ramadan, 83). Mohammeds teachings really formed the foundation of the Islamic religion. One of the Muslims sources of spiritual inspiration is the Sunnah. The sunnah accord ing the Islamic religion are whole caboodle and sayings of the prophet Mohammed as preserved in the hadith and includes a variety of activities as well as beliefs such religious rituals, burial rituals, personal hygiene and the deal between man and God.It is supposed to guide every Muslim and so far has been a great influence to the Muslim culture allover the world. For example, Mohammed taught Muslims a greeting to offer one another may peace be upon you is wide used by Muslims from all corners of the world (Rahman, 69). The Sunnah has played an meaning(a) role in the establishment and development of the religions sciences. Much of the prophets deeds and sayings have particularly contributed to the establishment of the Islamic law in the early years of the Islamic religion (Madelung, 78).The Sufis who sought to understand the inner meaning of the holy book, Quran and the true nature of the prophet, considered Mohammed not only as a mere prophet but as a perfect saint. Their sp iritual descent is traced back to Prophet Mohammed (Rahman, 45). Mohammed was not liked by many of the outside tribes living throughout the Middle East and they wanted to hurt him, they taught their children to throw stones at him during his travels (Andrea, 65). A great quality of Mohammed that I look to is his patience. He taught to others that a very important behavior in life is to have patience with all issues. mess would come to Mohammed with many complaints or questions to try and trick him (Madelung, 56). Others would do many things to him so he would go away. In all of these events, he would wait quietly and specify before he answered or acted. I admire his ability to restrain himself and not fight pocket-sized issues. In this world today, I think that everyone could benefit from this slighton of patience. Too many people die and are left hurting from wars between people who have little patience. During the spread of Islam, Mohammed gave people a choice to convert to Isl am or if they did not want to, they would need to pay money that is like a tax.The Muslims and other people who would pay could live in harmony, but the tribes who refused to pay and resisted the teaching of Islam would end up in a war. These people had killed family members of Mohammed and wanted to fight him. So Mohammed and a small army would go out to fight, for example the Battle of Badr City (Andrea, 67). The small Muslim army won the battles because God had given them the strength to fight an enemy who hated God and worshipped idols. When the battles were over, Mohammed never took prisoners and killed them on purpose.He showed mercy and compassion. Like the Prophet Jesus had taught the way to live is with mercy, compassion and love. It is the only way to live a correct life. If you look to any of the prophets, they are famous and different from all of the other people because they took chances and were disliked. They had to remain strong in their faith of God and be patient. It was no different for Mohammed. There are many times in my life that I go angry because people are mean or I lose patience with them but I try to look to the example Mohammed made for the Muslims to follow.I sit and read the Quran and hope to go steady a peace. Conclusion When the word was revealed to Mohammed, the world was in a bad situation. People were worshipping idols and hurting the less fortunate and women. It was like these people were acting like animals. Mohammed was very scared of how he would be accepted by the people and if they would reject the word of God. I admire the strength of Mohammed when he was faced with danger. I sometimes wish to have that strength, so I must remain strong in my faith to God and look to Him for guidance. This was an important teaching of the prophet Mohammed.When I came to America, I was afraid because I was new and did not know many people. Also, the news shows things that can make people afraid of Muslims and I know some people will not like me because of it. I try hard to live by the example Mohammed set for the Muslim people so I may have a good life. It has been good for me in America. By having patience, I have learned many things about this country and also made good friends. I hope that people can look past the bad news media makes for people and discover the good things about Mohammed because there are many lessons a person can learn from his life.

Applying Family Systems Theory to Early Childhood Practice Essay

In this article, Christian (2006) discusses the six characteristics of family systems relevant to early childhood practice. The author believes that teachers have a role in discovering and ameliorate family systems to maximize childrens abilities. Therefore, early childhood teachers should consider these characteristics to help decide the best approach for students.The foremost characteristic is boundaries. There atomic number 18 two kinds of boundaries, namely disengaged and enmeshed. The first allows children to decide on their own and make new friends, ideas, and so on but tend to be unattached while the other s from immaterial of the family. The stand by is more than strict and attached it supports and guides an individual in making decisions, but usually expects devouring(prenominal) conformity with family rules. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of both kinds, the teacher should respect and support family boundaries in order to respond accordingly to needs.The s econd characteristic is roles. Family roles have a signifi gouget effect on students behavior. For instance, the eldest child tends to be more mature than others and play as the peacemaker, helper, etc. Teachers should recognize these roles and provide role playing situations where students can lease to play other roles. Also, teachers should make families recognize their students strengths through writing simple notes.The third is rules. Teachers should know family rules of students in order to avoid confusing them with school rules. For instance, explain why a certain rule flora in school but not at home, and vice versa. Teachers should have a positive candidate in striking a balance between both. Also, rules should be stated clearly because unspoken rules could induce to failure to obey them.The fourth characteristic is hierarchy. Families observe a certain hierarchy in the house. This points to the place to decide within a family. Teachers should be sensitive regarding this and observe the effect of family systems of each individual. For example, there are times when a child exercises power over others due to hierarchy experienced at home. Importantly, teachers should veer activities to make students experience a different hierarchy concept.Another characteristic is climate. This is the emotional and physical surroundings the child has. The role of the teacher is to ensure that the child has a positive climate at home. To do this, they could organize a talk with parents to find out and suggest a better climate parents can offer. Also, the climate in school should allow venue for positive feedback and healthy sensory experiences.The last one and only(a) is equilibrium. This refers to the sense of balance within the family. Equilibrium should manifest in all aspects, such as health, emotions, activities, finance, etc. It can only be achieved by undergoing changes from time to time. For example, if a family experiences difficulty because of a daughter s illness, parents cannot be focused only on the ill member. They should devote equal time for their other children who as need care and attention. As professionals, teachers can guide parents to assess equilibrium in their family.The suggestions the author makes in this article are very significant. Considering the characteristics mentioned might help each family become more well-knit, thus maximizing intellectual and emotional development of the students. To effect this, teachers should have willingness, sincerity, and respect for each student and the family system where they belong. quotationChristian, Linda Garris. (2006). Applying family systems theory to early childhood practice. Retrieved 5 November 2008, from http//journal.naeyc.org/btj/200601/ChristianBTJ.asp

Project Report on Cost Analysis of Rice Mill in India Essay

1.1 Introduction strain is the staple pabulum for 65% of the population in India. It is the greatst consumed calorie source among the food scraps. With a per capita availability of 73.8 kg it meets 31% of the occur calorie requirement of the population. India is the second largest stoolr of strain in the world next to China. The each(prenominal) India argona, production, and income tax happen of strain in the category 2001-02 was 44.62 one one thousand thousand million hectares, 93.08 million slews and 2086 kg/ ha respectively. In India strain paddy field occupies the first gift both in area and production. The crop occupies ab aside 37 % of the constitutional cropped area and 44% (2001-02 position) of primitive production of food grains in India. West Bengal is the leading contractr of paddy in the country.It accounts for 16.39% of the total production, and the other leading states are Uttar Pradesh (13.38%), Andhra Pradesh (12.24%), Punjab (9.47%), Orissa (7.68% ) and Tamil Nadu (7.38%) the remaining states account for 33.45% of the production. India is in addition ane of the leading exporters of sieve in the world commercialise. Indias export of sift stood at 23.89 lakh MT in 1997-98. The corresponding epoch value of foreign ex trans seed down earned was to the tune of Rs. 3371.00 crore in 1997-98. Indian Basmati strain has been a favorite among international sieve buyers. Fol funkying liberalization of international trade after terra levela Trade Agreement, Indian strain provide become highly competitive and has been identified as integrity of the major commodities for export.Look more than crownwork bud grabing examples essayThis provides us with ample opport building blocky for development of strain based value-added products for earning more foreign ex motley. Apart from rice milling, offseting of rice bran for oil extraction is to a fault an important agro offshooting activity for value addition, income and employme nt propagation. Many of the rice processing whole of measurements are of the tralatitious huller type and are inefficient. Modern rice move are having high capacity and are ceiling intensive, although efficient. Small modern rice move have been developed and are easy in the market except the lack of information is a bottleneck in its adoption by the prospective entrepreneur. The fork everywhere model will go a long way in bridging the information gap.1.2 Description of sift mill about Operations paddy in its bare form drop non be consumed by human universes. It necessarily to be suitably processed for begining rice. rice milling is the process which helps in removal of hulls and barns from paddy grains to produce polished rice. Rice forms the basic primary processed product agreeed from paddy and this is further processed for admiting unhomogeneous secondary and tertiary products. The basic rice milling processes consist of1. Pre Cleaning Removing all impurities and unfilled grains from paddy 2. De-stoning Separating small stones from paddy 3. Parboiling (Optional) Helps in improving the nutritional quality by gelatinization of starch inside the rice grain. It improves the milling recovery percent during de-shelling and prettify / whitening operation 4. husking Removing husk from paddy 5. stubble Aspiration Separating the husk from brown rice/ unhusked paddy 6. Paddy Separation Separating the unhusked paddy from brown rice7. Whitening Removing all or part of the bran layer and germ from brown rice 8. Polishing modify the appearance of milled rice by removing the remaining bran particles and by polishing the exterior of the milled amount 9. Length Grading Separating small and large brokens from head rice 10. Bl shutdowning Mixing head rice with pre fixed amount of brokens, as required by the customer 11. Weighing and bagging Preparing the milled rice for transport to the customer The f dispirited diagram of the different unit operation s are as follows jut out 1 Block Diagram of Rice Processing1.3 Status of Rice Milling Units in IndiaRice milling is the oldest and the largest agro processing industry of the country. At testify it has a turnover of more than 25,500/- crore per annum. It processes about 85 million tons of paddy per stratum and provides staple food grain and other valuable products required by over 60% of the population. Paddy grain is milled either in raw motive or after par-boiling, mostly by single hullers of which over 82,000 are registered in the country. Apart from it on that point are in like manner a large number of unregistered single hulling units in the country.A solid number (60 %) of these are also linked with par-boiling units and sun -drying yards. Most of the tiny hullers of about 250-300 kg/hr capacities are employed for custom milling of paddy. Apart from it double hulling units number over 2,600 units, underrun disc shellers ejaculate cone polishers numbering 5,000 units and rubber hurtle shellers cum friction polishers numbering over 10,000 units are also present in the country. Further over the historic arrest there has been a steady growth of amelio vagabond rice mills in the country. Most of these have capacities ranging from 2 tons /hr to 10 tons/ hr.1.4 Need for Improved Rice MillsThe recovery of scoopfully grains in a traditional rice mill using steel hullers for dehusking is around 52-54%. on that point is excessive loss in the form of rough- cope and fine brokens. Further loss of large mess of endosperm layers during the dehusking operation further accentuates the problem. Against it, the recovery percent of wholly grains in modern rice mills using rubber roll shellers for dehusking operation is around 62-64%.The whole grain recovery percent further incr quenchs to 66-68% in solecism of milling of parboiled paddy. and accordingly it can be seen that there is an overall improvement of recovery of whole grains by about 10-14% if one uses rubber roll shellers for rice milling operations. The conversion ratio (i.e. recovery % of various final product and byproduct for each light speed kg feed of raw paddy) for these modify rice mills are can be as follows1. Percent of milled rice 62-68%2. Percent of rice bran 4-5%3. Percent of rice husk 25%4. Percent of germ wastages 2%-8%It has been observed that dehusking using rubber roll shellers takes the risk of breaking the grain because husk is pulled off almost at once and pressure is applied by means of spanking surfaces across the width of the grain, where kernels, mostly are much more uniform than they are by length. Moreover, the process does not remove the indispensable epidermis of the husk. Thus the deshelled grains with their silver skin envelope are protect against scratches and keep longer and better while the silver skin and the germ accessions the quantity of bran which is produced while whitening. The improved rice mills have a better husk and r ice bran aspiration system. The same prevents coalesce of fine brokens with rice bran.Therefore the quality of rice bran obtained is better. It has also been observed that the location of rice mills are confined to a few selected production centers. Their development as a small town take aim agro processing unit is yet to take a proper shape. In the absence of village take aim rice milling unit, the farmers have to travel great distances for milling the rice. This leads to summationd transportation and handling losses. Thus there is a need to develop improved rice mills as a village level agro processing unit for bringing about technical foul up-gradation and development of the sector. repute addition and generation of gainful and sustainable employment opportunities are the other possible benefits aascent out of this agro processing industry. The Central Govt. is also providing a big boost towards the development of this industry. It has since repealed w.e.f. May 27, 1998 the Rice Milling Industry (Regulation) Act, 1958 and Rice Milling Industry (Regulation and licensing) Rules, 1959. Further, rice milling sector which was earlier reserved for the small scale sector, have at a time been de-reserved. As such(prenominal), no license/ permission is now required for setting up a rice mill.1.5 Rice take away GasifierA rice husk gasifier aims at using wastes from rice mills to dismiss a spark-ignition engine that will drive a generator to produce electrical energy. Instead of dumping rice husks along roadsides, it can now be converted into valuable arouse that can help in substituting the energy required at the mill itself. The gasifier basically employs a moving-bed downdraft gasifier reactor developed by CRHET in combination with a gas-conditioning device that removes impurities from the gas thereby making it highly suitable fuel for heat engines. The gasifier produces a clean gas with a very low amount of black ampere-second (i.e., only 50 um/m3of gas) , and so the gas coming out of the muffler of an engine is also clean. machinebon dioxide emission is Operation of the likewise relatively low of about 0.6 kg per ton of rice husks. reckon 2 Block Diagram of Rice remove Gasifier1.6 Problem DescriptionThe Rice milling is the process that helps in removal of hulls and brans from paddy grains to produce polished rice. Rice is rich in hereditary diversity with thousands of varieties grown throughout the world. Rice has been one of mans most important foods. Today, this fantastic grain helps sustain devil-thirds of the worlds population. It is life for thousands of millions of people. It is deeply embedded in the cultural inheritance of their societies. About four-fifths of the worlds rice are produced by small-scale farmers and are consumed locally. The major portion of the paddy is cosmos processed through hullers. The hullers are usually low capacity mills. In these hullers, both shelling and polishing operations are carried ou t simultaneously. Hence, there is no control on the polishing of rice, bran and a higher(prenominal) breakage of rice occurs.Today the number of middle class people is rising who want good quality of food. Thus a number of small, technically advance rice mills are macrocosm set up to meet the quality needs of the people and substitute for huller mill, to get polished rice, rice bran and paddy husk. In this trade union movement, salary compend of a small scale technically advance rice mill is carries out using the personal telephone line of credit case of Jay Laxmi Rice Mill, Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar rule in the state of Uttarakhand. It has a nominal capacity of 4000kg/hr. It has been built for the production of raw rice. The congenator amongst the damage of capital and the net present value of the picture was developed.The internal rate of drive away was determined by finding the appropriate discounting rates for which the net present value is zero. Sensitivity analysis of various factors like paddy terms, raw rice outlay, bran cost versus internal rate of authorise and the net present value of the project were done to estimate derive. Also, the possessor want to know the effect on internal rate of return and net present value if the husk produced is apply for generating electrical energy for the plant. What is the marginal circumstances of electrical energy consumption that should be substituted by rice husk gasifier such that the process is profitable?There are a lot of bottlenecks and unpredictn problems in estimating it. The owner needs to know the fixed and inconstant comprises for operating this. The market forces decide the scathe/unit of raw rice in the market. Thus, the owner has to follow the tack demand dynamics and scathe its product. To maintain a pre-defined profit margin the owner should know its taxation and be and aim to step-up its revenue and decrease its be. These problems are discussed and solved in this r eport.1.6 ObjectivesOn the light of the preceding(prenominal) discussion the following objectives will be addressed in this probe * Obtaining an exhaustive summation list along with its initial constitute, life and preserve value to compute the gain Present repute, payback Period and inwrought enjoin of Return of the project. * To create a programme in C and obtain a relationship in the midst of Internal tramp of Return (IRR) and y other(a) silver in flow generated.* To obtain relationship between brighten Present prise and terms of Capital * To obtain relationship between bread income, Internal Rate of Return and bring in Present lever * To bring to pass sensitivity analysis for the owner on the basis of * Buying price of Paddy versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present lever * Selling price of in the buff Rice versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value* Selling price of Bran versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * make unnecessa ry value versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * To find the minimum section of total electricity consumption that should be generated from Rice Husk Gassifier so that the process is sparing and obtain a relationship between percentage electricity substituted from the husk gassifier, Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value. Chapter 2 Review of Literature-This is a specific case memorise partening to Jay Laxmi Rice Mill at Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar partition in the state of Uttarakhand. This case study is an analysis of the establishment and functioning of small scale modern rice mill in India. It is neither a story of spectacular success, nor of a spectacular failure as case studies usually are. Rather, it is write with a purpose of illustrating the complexity of factors that enter into the establishment and functioning of an opening move in a low income economy. These factors oftentimes distort both the factor and the product prices and be it difficul t to measure the efficiency of an enterprise with the usual yardsticks of cost-benefit analysis. In conducting the analysis the classical analytical tools have been used.These tools take into account the Time Value of Money and are the core topics in books on Engineering Economics. The equations used in the analysis of the project have been taken from the book on Essentials of Engineering Economics by James L. Riggs and Thomas M. West. The topical market price of the pluss used in the rice mill has been obtained from Satake, Japanese manufacturer and supplier of rice mill machinery. The Kolkata representative of Satake recommends the market price and setting up cost.The list of pluss used in Rice Husk Gasifier, their current market price and let off value were obtained from the various sites. The papers on electrical energy generation from rice husk in indian rice mills and Rice husk gasifier for melt and reheating process helped me in detailed understanding of the rice husk ga ssifier. Keeping all these study in mind, I have perform the sensitivity analysis of various factors like paddy price, raw rice price, bran price versus the internal rate of return and the net present value of the project. Also found out the relationship between factors like salute of Capital, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return.Chapter 3 Problem Solving-3.1 Important TerminologyTime Value of Money* It is the idea that money available at present time is worth more than the same amount in the future catch up withable to its potential earnings capacity. * Thus any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received. For example, assuming a 5% amour rate, $100 invested today will be worth $105 in one year ($100 multiplied by 1.05). Cash lessen Diagram* A hard coin flow diagram is a tool used to represent the transactions which will take place over the course of a given project. * Transactions can include initial coronations, maintenance costs, communicate earnin gs or savings resulting from the project, as well as resale carry through value of equipment at the end of their lives. * Cash inflow is positivee.g. revenue, resale spare value* Cash outflow is negativee.g. cost of equipments and set-up, disbursements and so on act 3 Cash bunk DiagramResale economise Value The estimated value that an asset will realize upon its sale at the end of its useful life. The salvage value is used in conjunction with the purchase price and score method to determine the amount by which an asset depreciates each period. For example, with a straight-line basis, an asset that cost $5,000 and has a salvage value of $1,000 and a useful life of five eld would be depreciated at $800 ($5,000 $1,000/5 years) each year. Within the tax system, when a person donates a car he or she receives a tax deduction. The value of this deduction depends on the salvage value of the car. This salvage value is determined to be the current fair market value that could be obt ained had the car been sell on that day rather than donated. Disbursements Money paid out in the discharge of a debt or expense.Disbursements can include money paid out to run a note, spending cash, sort outnd payments, and/or the amounts that a lawyer might have to pay out on a persons behalf in connection with a transaction. When money is disbursed, it is a cash outflow. Cash flow is a measure of the cash inflow, revenue, and cash outflows, or disbursements. Ideally, there will be more money satiny in than flowing out. If cash flow is negative (in other words disbursements are higher than revenues), it can be an early warning of potential insolvency. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The discount rate often used in capital budgeting that stumbles the net present value of all cash flows from a special project refer to zero.Generally speaking, the higher a projects internal rate of return, the more desirable it is to play the project. As such, IRR can be used to rank several pros pective projects a sure is considering. presume all other factors are equal among the various projects, the project with the highest IRR would probably be considered the best and undertaken first. IRR as the rate of growth a project is pass judgment to generate. While the actual rate of return that a given project ends up generating will often differ from its estimated IRR rate, a project with a upstanding higher IRR value than other available options would still provide a much better regain of strong worth. IRR can also be compared against prevailing rates of return in the securities markets.If a true cannot find any project with IRRs greater than the returns that can be generated in the financial market, it whitethorn plain choose to invest its retained earnings into the market. IRR ( beforehand tax) of a business venture / commercial project can be computed when all the cash flows (P, R, D, F) and lives (n) of assets are given. It is calculated by equating the Net Present Value (NPV) to zero. The corresponding value of i is the IRR. Payback period Payback Period in capital budgeting refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to repay the sum of the original investment.For example, a $ kilobyte investment which returned $500 per year would have a two year payback period. The time value of money is not taken into account. Payback period intuitively measures how long nighthing takes to pay for itself. All else being equal, shorter payback periods are preferable to longer payback periods. Payback period is widely used because of its ease of use despite the recognized limitations described below. Useful Life Period during which an asset or situation is expected to be usable for the purpose it was required. It may or may not correspond with the occurrences actual physical life or sparing life.The length of time that a depreciable asset is expected to be usable is its useful life. Cost of Capital The required return requisite to make a capital budgeting project, such as building a new factory, worthwhile. Cost of capital includes the cost of debt and the cost of equity. It determines how a follow can raise money (through a stock issue, borrowing, or a mix of the two). This is the rate of return that a unfluctuating would receive if it invested in a different vehicle with similar risk.The cost of capital is a term used in the field of financial investment to refer to the cost of a conjunctions funds (both debt and equity), or, from an investors point of view the shareholders required return on a portfolio of all the companys existing securities. It is used to evaluate new projects of a company as it is the minimum return that investors expect for providing capital to the company, and then setting a benchmark that a new project has to meet. For an investment to be worthwhile, the expected return on capital must be greater than the cost of capital.The cost of capital is the rate of return that capita l could be expected to earn in an alternative investment of equivalent risk. If a project is of similar risk to a companys average business activities it is reasonable to use the companys average cost of capital as a basis for the evaluation. A companys securities typically include both debt and equity, one must therefore calculate both the cost of debt and the cost of equity to determine a companys cost of capital. However, a rate of return big than the cost of capital is usually required. grocery store price Market price is the economic price for which a good or service is offered in the market place. Market determine is primarily determined by the interaction of supply and demand. footing is interrelated with both of these measures of value. The relationship between price and supply is generally negative, meaning that the higher the price climbs, the lower amount of supply is demanded. Market price is sound the price at which goods and run are sold. Price, the amount of goo ds for which a product is sold, may be seen as a financial expression of the value of the product. Setting the right price is an important part of effective merchandising, being the only part of the marketing mix that generates revenue, as product, promotion, and place are all about marketing costs.Price is also the marketing unsettled that can be changed most quickly. Collin Taeeds devising Money describes pricing strategy as a difficult task that depends on nine major factors. They are as follows 1. Total be If the market price doesnt include enough just to break-even, one is heading for trouble. The best thing to do is sum up all costs and divide by the number of hours that can be billed a year.This doesnt include sick days, holidays, and hours workings on the business, hours with no work and so on. All hidden costs must be factored. E.g. insurance, invoices that neer get paid for one reason or another, and taxes. 2. Profit The aim of every business is to make money. Profit is the target money one wants to make above breaking even. Profit is affected by the revenue generated which in turn depends on market price.3. Market Demand The concept of demand supply states that if what one does is in high demand, then make your services more expensive. Conversely if theres hardly any work around, then decide the market price based on competitors pricing strategy. Signs that demand are high include too much work coming in, other freelancers being overloaded and people telling you theyve been struggling to find someone to do the job.Signs that demand are low include finding yourself competing to win jobs, a shortage of work and fellow freelancers re-entering the workforce. 4. Industry Standards It is a technical standards used in business. It is based on the industry market price, value for money, services offered etc. in separate to fit in the market, one must adhere to industry standards. 5. Skill Level incompatible people, depending on the result they produ ce, possess a different skill level. When applies to companies, it implies that the market price must be commensurate with the companys skill.6. find out Although often bundled with skill, experience is a different factor altogether. Experience affects how much a company must charge. E.g. You may have two very talented photo charters, unless one with more experience might have better client skills, be able to foresee problems (and olibanum save the client time and money), and intuitively know whats going to work for a certain audience and so on. 7. Business Strategy Adopted Business strategy or run will make a huge difference to the pricing strategy.E.g. Think about the differences between Revlon and Chanel, the two could make the same perfume but you would never expect to pay the same for both. Pitching oneself in front of the target customers helps define a company as cheap and cheerful, high end or somewhere in between. This largely affects the market price as people are read y to pay a premium for high end goods. 8. Service Offered Services are an intangible equivalent of economic goods. Service provision is often an economic activity where the buyer does not generally, except by exclusive contract, obtain exclusive ownership of the thing purchased. The benefits of such a service, if priced, are held to be self-evident in the buyers willingness to pay for it. Public services are those societies as a whole pays through taxes and other means. The services that a company provides for its clients make a big difference to its price tag.For example you might be a freelancer, who will do whatever it takes to get a job just right, or peradventure you are on call 24-7, or perhaps you provide the minimum amount of communication to cut costs. Whatever the case, adjusting the pricing to the type and level of service provided is a must. 9. Market Segment Prices will often vary for different clients. This happens for a few reasons. Some clients require more effort, some are riskier, some are repeat clients, some have jobs you are dying to do, some you wouldnt want to go near with a stick. Thus these factors must be taken into account while pricing a commodity. rooted(p) cost A cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or service produced. Fixed costs are expenses that have to be paid by a company, independent of business activity. It is one of the two components of the total cost of a good or service, along with variable cost. Fixed costs are defined as expenses that do not change as a function of the activity of a business, within the relevant period. E.g. rent, property tax, insurance, or fill expense.An example of a fixed cost would be a companys rent on a building. If a company has to pay $10,000 each month to cover the cost of the rent but does not manufacture anything during the month, the rent payment is still due in full. In economic science, a business can achieve economies of scale when it produ ces enough goods to spread fixed costs. For example, the $100,000 lease spread out over 100,000 widgets means that each widget carries with it $1 in fixed costs. If the company produces 200,000 widgets, the fixed cost per unit drops to 50 cents. Variable Costs A corporate expense that varies with production output. Variable costs are those costs that vary depending on a companys production volume they rise as production increases and fall as production decreases.Variable costs differ from fixed costs such as rent, advertising, insurance and office supplies, which tend to remain the same regardless of production output. Variable costs can include direct material costs or direct labor costs necessary to complete a certain project. For example, a company may have variable costs associated with the promotion of one of its products. Conversely, when fewer of these products are sold the costs for packaging will consequently decrease. Marketing Costs It is the amount of money spent on adv ertisement, distribution and selling of finished goods in the market. It has components of fixed and variable costs. It is difficult to obtain an estimate of the marketing cost. Hence, it is taken as a percentage of total costs and added to it.Total Costs Total costs (TC) describes the total economic cost of production and is made up of variable costs, which vary according to the quantity of a good produced and include inputs such as toil and raw materials, plus fixed costs, which are independent of the quantity of goods produced and include (capital) that cannot be vary in the short term, such as buildings and machinery. Total cost in economics includes the total opportunity cost of each factor of production as part of its fixed or variable costs. If one assumes that the unit variable cost is constant, as in cost-volume-profit analysis developed and used in cost accounting by the accountants, then total cost is linear in volume, and given by total cost = fixed costs + unit varia ble cost * quantity. prototype 4 Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost taxation In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time. Profit It is the difference between a slosheds total revenue and all costs. It is the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses. It is the opposite of loss. Profit = Total Revenue Total CostsProfit is the money a business makes after accounting for all the expenses. Regardless of whether the business is a couple of kids running a lemonade stand or a publicly traded multinational company, consistently earning profit is every companys goal. The path toward profitability can be long. For example, online bookseller Amazon.com was founded in 1994 and did not produce its first ann ual profit until 2003. Many take upups and new business fail when the owners run out of capital to sustain the business.Profit Before Tax A profitability measure that looks at a companys profile before the company has to pay corporate income tax. This measure deducts all expenses from revenue including interest expenses and operating expenses, but it leaves out the payment of tax. This measure combines all the companys profits before tax, including operating, non-operating, continuing operations and non-continuing operations. PBT exists because tax expense is constantly changing and taking it out helps to give an investor a good idea of changes in a companys profits or earnings from year to year.3.2 Data ProcurementData required for analysis* List of Assets* Cost Spent on assets at t=0* Useful life of each asset* Resale salvage price of each asset* Average repair and maintenance cost per year* Administrative cost per year* Fixed expenses incurred per year like rent, wages etc.* Var iable costs involved in rice production* criterion of rice, bran, husk produced* Unit price of raw material (paddy) and products (rice, bran, husk) The current asset price, useful life and salvage value was provided by Satake. elevate auxiliary A, put over 1.1.Data DescriptionEach asset has a list of the following variables (whichever is applicable) * total* Model type* faculty* Electrical Rating* Market PriceData required for analysis of Rice Husk Gassifier* List of assets* Cost Spent on assets at t=0* Useful life of each asset* Resale salvage price of each assetIt is obtained from various sites online. bring up appendage B, table 2.1.3.3 Specifications and AssumptionsSome specific data* Capital Expenditure incurred = Rs. 9,05,04,240* Capacity of Rice Mill = 4 tons per hour* Maximum Run = 270 days * 16 hours* yearly Requirement of Paddy at installed capacity = Capacity*Maximum Run = 17280 Metric Tonnes per year * The yield of rice isParticulars Yield Percentage Annual Yield (in MT) unprocessed Rice 65 11232Husk 21 3628.80Broken Rice 4 691.20Rice Bran 8 1382.40Rejected Rice 1 172.80Impurities 1 172.80* Price of Paddy in the market = Rs. 1250 per doppelzentner* Market Price of affectionate Rice = Rs. 2000 per centner* Market Price of Broken Rice = Rs. 1400 per quintal* Market Price of Bran = Rs. 1500 per quintal* Market Price of Husk = Rs. 320 per quintalAssumptions* The plant is assumed to run for 270 days (approximate value for the rice mill) for calculations pertaining to profitability of rice mill. * The salvage cost is unknown and is taken as 10% of total assets cost. * Quantity of raw rice produced = Quantity of raw rice sold. No inventory is utilized. * No wastage of products and byproducts.3.4 Solution ApproachPayback PeriodPayback PeriodInternal Rate of ReturnInternal Rate of ReturnNet Present ValueNet Present ValueSolutionsSolutionsNet Present Value* It is the algebraic sum of all cash flows pertaining to the project discounted to present t ime (t=0) at a chosen rate (i.e. Cost of Capital) NPV= -P+R-D1+in-1i*1+in+S11+inWhere,P = Cost of Asset spent at time t=0R = Revenue IncomeD = DisbursementsS = Resale Stock Salvage Valuei = Cost of Capitaln = Number of Periods (Useful life of asset)Internal Rate of ReturnThe internal rate of return on an investment or project is the annualized effective compounded return rate or rate of return that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a particular investment equal to zero.Payback PeriodIt is calculated by calculating Cumulative Cash unravel = (Net Cash Flow Year 1 + Net Cash Flow Year 2 + Net Cash Flow Year 3 etc.) Accumulate by year until Cumulative Cash Flow is a positive number that year is the payback year. k= ln(R-DR-D-P*i)ln(1+i)Where,K = Payback PeriodP = Cost of Asset spent at time t=0R = Revenue IncomeD = Disbursementsi = Cost of CapitalFor calculation of Profit obtainedProfit Function = Revenue generated Cost IncurredReve nue generated = (Qi*pi)Where,Qi = Quantity of commodity i sold per yearpi = Unit Price of commodity i in the marketCost Incurred = Fixed Costs (FC) + Variable Costs (VC)Refer addendum A, Table 1.3 and Table 1.4.Chapter 4 Results and sermons-Result 1For initial estimated values of input parameters* Initial cat Cost incurred at t=0 (P) = Rs. 90504240 (Refer Appendix A, Table 1.2) * Gross Revenue Income (R) = Rs. 266664960/year (Refer Appendix A, Table 1.4) * Operating Expenditure/ Disbursement (D) = Rs. 223860420/year (Refer Appendix A, Table 1.3) * Salvage Value /Resale Value (S) = Rs. 6707544,* Useful life of assets (n) = 20 years,* Cost of Capital (i) = 15%Figure 5 Cash Flow Diagram at estimated values of input parameters Refer Appendix A, Table 1.5.Using engineering economics equations (Refer Chapter 3, section 3.4 Solution Approach), we have found * NPV= -90504240+266664960-2435595801+0.1520-10.15*1+0.1520+670754411+0.1520 = Rs. 54529825.06 * IRR = 25.27% at NPV = 0* Payback p eriod, k= ln(266664960-243559580266664960-243559580-90504240*0.15)ln(1+0.15) =6.34 yearsFigure 6 C programme for calculating IRRRefer Appendix C.This is the C programme return to calculate the IRR of any cash flow correct upto two decimal places. This programme can be used for any type of cash flows.Result 2The following two graphs yield the relation of Cost of Capital with NPV and Payback Period.Figure 7 motion of Cost of Capital on NPVRefer Appendix A, Table 1.6.This graph helps obtain an estimate of the NPV based on the Cost of Capital. In order to get higher NPV, the Cost of Capital should be less. With a transition of 10% in the Cost of Capital, from 11% to 20% the NPV decreases substantially from 94 million INR to 22 million INR.Figure 8 Effect of Cost of Capital on Payback PeriodRefer Appendix A, Table 1.6This graph helps obtain the estimate of the Payback period based on the Cost of Capital. In order to get lesser Payback Period, the Cost of Capital should be less. With a variation of 11% in the Cost of Capital, from 10% to 20% the Payback Period increases substantially from 3.56 years to 10.95 years.DiscussionThe value of Cost of Capital is varied over a feasible range of 10% to 20% and the corresponding values of NPV and Payback period. If the Cost of Capital decreases, the NPV of the firm increases while the Payback Period of the firm will reduce as expected from the formulae of NPV and Payback Period Refer Chapter 3, section 3.4 Solution Approach.Result 3The following two graphs depict the relation of cost of unit amount of paddy(raw material cost) with NPV and IRR. 1 Unit = 1 centalFigure 9 Effect of unit Paddy Price on NPVRefer Appendix A, Table 1.7.This graph helps obtain an estimate of the NPV based on the cost of unit amount of paddy. The graph order of battles more or less a linear variation as expected. In order to get higher NPV, the cost of raw material should be less. A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from 324 millio n INR to -216 million INR, when the price of paddy varies from one thousand INR per quintal to 1500 INR per quintal, keeping all other market price and other factors constant. In India, the Government of India fixes the minimum paddy price to save the interests of the farmers. So, if the price of the paddy goes above 1300 INR per quintal, the firm will not be beneficial at all instead will start incurring a loss.Figure 10 Effect of unit Paddy Price on IRRRefer Appendix A, Table 1.7In the graph the effect on IRR for different unit price of Paddy is shown. As the price of paddy increases from 1000 INR per quintal to 1350 INR per quintal, the IRR decreases substantially from 73.26% to 2.99% in eight uniform steps. DiscussionFor a fixed market price of Raw Rice, NPV and IRR decreases substantially with increase in unit price of Paddy. This is an obvious conclusion from the NPV equation Refer Chapter 3, section 3.4 Solution Approach. As the unit price of paddy rises, the operating cos t also starts increasing thus our annuity per year will decrease. With decrease in NPV and IRR, the payback period also increases.Result 4In the following two graphs the unit price of Raw Rice (product) is varied to see the effect on the NPV and IRR. 1 Unit = 1 hundredweightFigure 11 Effect of unit Raw Rice Price on IRRRefer Appendix A, Table 1.8This graph helps obtain the NPV of the firm based on the unit market price of Raw Rice. As the unit market price of Raw Rice increases, the Gross Revenue Income increases substantially which leads to increase in NPV. This graph shows linear variation with unit price of Raw Rice as expected. A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from -191.5 million INR to -441.2 million INR, when the price of raw rice varies from 1650 INR per quintal to 2550 INR per quintal, keeping all other market price and other factors constant. With 1% increase in the unit market price of Raw Rice, the NPV of the firm increases substantially by 25.784%. If the unit market price of Raw Rice is above 1920 INR per quintal, the firm will be beneficial and below that price it will be running in loss.Figure 12 Effect of unit Raw Rice Price on IRRRefer Appendix A, Table 1.8In the graph, the variation of IRR for different unit market price of Raw Rice is studied. The unit market price of Raw Rice is varied in a feasible range of 1850 INR to 2550 INR, to estimate the effect on IRR. The IRR of the firm increases substantially from 3.71% to 93.79% in twelve uniform steps. This happens because as the unit market price of Raw Rice increases, the gross revenue income also increases which increases the IRR of the firm and reduce the payback period. DiscussionThe unit market price of Raw Rice is required to estimate the profit that can be earned. As the unit price of Raw Rice increases, the gross revenue income increases and thus the NPV and IRR of the firm increases substantially. If the revenue increases, the payback period of the firm will reduce. If the unit market price move beyond a certain point i.e. 1920 INR per quintal, the firm will start incurring loss. These graphs help in setting competitive market price of Raw Rice.Result 5The following two graphs show the effect of unit market price of Bran (byproduct) on the NPV and IRR of the firm. 1 Unit = 1 QuintalFigure 13 Effect of unit Bran Price on NPVRefer Appendix A, Table 1.9This graph helps obtain the NPV of the firm based on the unit market price of Bran. The NPV of the firm increases from 11.27 million INR to 141 million INR in fifteen equal steps assuming 50 INR hike in unit market price of Bran at every step. This graph shows linear variation with unit price of Raw Rice as expected. With 1% increase in the unit market price of Bran, the NPV of the firm increases substantially by 2.38%.Figure 14 Effect of unit Bran Price on IRRRefer Appendix A, Table 1.9Since with the increase in the unit market price of Bran the NPV of the firm increases, therefore IRR of the firm a lso increases. With 1% increase in the unit price of Bran the IRR increases about 0.24%. This graph shows more or less a linear variation. The IRR of the firm increases from 17.20% to 40.76% as the price of Bran increases from 1000 INR per quintal to 2500 INR per quintal. DiscussionThe unit market price of Bran, a byproduct, also has substantial effect on gross revenue income as it forms 8% part of the total conclusion which is about 1382.40 Metric tons. Today market price of Bran is about 1500 INR per quintal through which 20.736 million INR revenue is generated per year. Since, an increase in unit market price of Bran increases the gross revenue income, the NPV and IRR of the firm also increases. With increase in revenue, the payback period of the firm decreases.Result 6Figure 15 Effect of Salvage on NPVRefer Appendix A, Table 1.10Figure 16 Percentage change in NPV with percentage change in Salvage Value Refer Appendix A, Table 1.10Basic Assumption Salvage value is hard to define as it is the future value of 20 years down the line from now. Hence it is assumed to be certain percentage of the total assets cost. It is assumed to be 10% of the total assets cost incurred and is discounted to todays value at a rate of 15% to find the Net Present Value of the firm. The salvage value can vary over a range of 5% to 20% of the total assets cost. The NPV changes from -0.5% to 0.75% i.e. from 54.32 million INR to 54.94 million INR by changing the salvage value by -5% to 10% i.e. from 5% to 20% of the total assets cost. DiscussionThe NPV of the firm doesnt increases substantially with increase in the salvage value of the assets. The graph shows a straight line variation as expected. With 1% increase in salvage value the NPV increase by 0.075%. This increase in the NPV is negligible, therefore, even if the assumed resale value of the assets change in the future, it will not affect the calculations done in this case study for the profitability analysis of Jay Laxmi Rice mill.Result 7The following two graphs will help in assessing the economy of generating electricity from husk (by product) using Rice Husk Gassifier.Figure 17 Effect of percentage of Total electricity requirement that is substituted by Rice Husk Gasifier on NPVRefer Appendix B, Table 2.3The graph shows that the NPV of the firm increases linearly as the amount of electricity produced by the husk Gasifier increases as expected. The NPV of the firm increases from 51 million INR to 89 million INR as the amount of electricity that is substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier increases from 65% to 100% of total electricity requirement. The minimum amount of total electricity that should be produced from husk so that the firm has the same NPV as before implanting the husk gasifier is 68.8%Figure 18 Effect of percentage of Total electricity requirement that is substituted by Rice Husk Gasifier on IRRRefer Appendix B, Table 2.3This graph shows the variation of the IRR of the firm with respect to the percentage of the total electricity requirement that is substituted by Rice Husk Gasifier. The graph shows an expected linear increase in IRR as the amount of electricity produced by the husk Gasifier increases. The IRR of the firm increases from 24.52% to 31.32% as the amount of electricity that is substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier increases from 65% to 100% of total electricity requirement.DiscussionTo be economic at least 68.8% electricity requirement needs to be generated from Husk Gasifier i.e. the minimum amount of total electricity requirement that should be substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier so that the firm profit as before setting up of the Rice Husk Gasifier.If the amount of electricity produced is more than this amount than the plant will earn more profit than before but if it is less, then the rice husk gasifier should not be set up, because the plant will be earning less than before. The plant may be beneficial but will be in loss as semblance to the curren t scenario. The following figure 19 shows the cash flow diagram when 68.8% of electricity requirement is generated from Husk Gasifier.Figure 19 Cash Flow diagram with Rice Husk GasifierRefer Appendix 8, Table 2.2Chapter 5 Summary and Conclusions-5.1 SummaryThe main aim of this study was was to analyze the Jay Laxmi Rice Mill, Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar district in the state of Uttarakhand, from its business point of view. It has a nominal capacity of 4000kg/hr. It has been built for the production of raw rice. Some estimates were required to analyze its profitability. The economic analysis of the project was carried out using engineering economics equations.The sensitivity of NPV, IRR and Payback period with respect to various factors like Cost of Capital, paddy price, raw rice price, bran price and salvage were studied. Also the economy assessing of generating electricity from husk (by product) using Rice Husk Gassifier was done. The minimum electricity requirement that needs to b e generated from Rice Husk Gasifier for economic purposes was calculated. The following conclusions are draw from the study* For initial estimated values of input parameters (P = Rs. 90504240, R = Rs. 266664960/year, D= Rs. 223860420/year, S = Rs. 6707544, n = 20 years, i = 15%) * NPV = Rs. 54529825.06* IRR = 25.27%* Payback period = 6.34 years* With a variation of 10% in the Cost of Capital, from 11% to 20% the NPV decreases substantially from 94 million INR to 22 million INR and Payback Period increases from 4.03 increases to 10.95 years. * A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from 324 million INR to -53.5 million INR, when the price of paddy varies from 1000 INR per quintal to 1350 INR per quintal while IRR increases from 73.26% to 2.99%. * NPV increases from -50.9 million INR to -441.2 million INR and IRR increases from 3.71% to 93.79%, when the price of raw rice varies from 1850 INR per quintal to 2550 INR per quintal.* As the price of Bran increases from 1000 INR p er quintal to 2500 INR per quintal, the NPV and IRR of the firm increases from 11.27 million INR to 141 million INR and 17.20% to 40.76% respectively. * With 1% increase in salvage value the NPV increase by 0.075%. This increase in the NPV is negligible, therefore, even if the assumed resale value of the assets change in the future, it will not affect the calculations done in this case study for the profitability analysis of Jay Laxmi Rice mill. * To be economic at least 68.8% electricity requirement needs to be generated from Husk Gasifier i.e. the minimum amount of total electricity requirement that should be substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier so that the firm profit as before setting up of the Rice Husk Gasifier.References-* James L. Riggs 2004, Engineering Economics, 4th edition, Tata Mc Graw heap Education Private Limited, pp 67-147. * Chandra P. 2011, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11th edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education Private Limited, pp 150-167. * T. Kapur, T. C. Kandpal and H.P. Garg, electrical energy Generation from Rice Husk in Indian Rice Mills Potential and Financial Viability, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi (1995). * Alexis Belonio, Victoriano Ocon, and Antonio Co, Garbage-In Fuel-Out Small-Scale Rice Husk Gasifier Plant for Community Street Lighting, Suki Trading Corporation, Philippines (2011). * e-mail from Gaurav Vashisht (gauravsatakeindia.com) working at Satake, kolkata.